1. PIA 2501 WEEK FIVE

2. Presentation One THE AFRICAN GROUP

3. Development Planning: An Overview- Four Themes Planning Defined Planning Goals Anti-Planning Structural Adjustment and Projects

4. Development Planning Prologue: The European and Colonial Origins of Planning Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the 1920s and the use of the five-year plan British India--1930s. National planning and industrialization Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with plans Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII Two varieties: Command vs. Keynesianism

5. Definitions of Development Planning Planning is the application of rational ordered choice to social and economic affairs.

6. Definitions of Development Planning Development planners and development administrators are action- oriented and goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote economic and social development Development planning is the setting of priorities for the use of scarce resources

7. Goals of Development Planning Foster economic growth Strengthen human and organizational capacities Plan and develop physical infrastructure (roads, dams, railways, buildings, etc.) Promotion of greater equality in distribution of opportunities

8. Goals of Development Planning, cont. Provide framework for wider participation in the economic system Support social capital development in the form of stronger families, communities, interest associations and grass-root institutions

9. Development Planning as a Process Goal is to change societal behavior: At the center: original goal planning the National Plan monitoring and managing the economy includes setting targets and achievement of goals In regions and districts, planner has a coordination responsibility that includes in some cases social mobilization

10. Development Planning and Organization At the center, overall goals are set through National Plan (the wish list) and through monitoring and “managing” the economy planners set targets and measure goals Key emphasis placed on local government authorities, extension services, and district administrations for service delivery

11. Development Planning At regional and local level, goals are regional planning, coordination and mobilization Overall--government agents or their contractors act as change agents, and provide “stimulus” to society

12. PLANNING AND SOCIETY

13. Development Planning as Socialization Planning includes secondary and tertiary socialization, but not primary socialization Primary—Family; before school Secondary--Primary and Secondary Education Tertiary--Adult (including Higher education and On the Job) Problem: Social Engineering

14. Development Planning Overall Classical Assumption Role of the government agent is: ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT and provide necessary stimulation to society to ensure change

15. Development Planning Assumptions Development Planning as a Concept State will continue to serve as engine of development Goal will be to change society, economy and political structures

16. Assumptions Assumed that development occurs because of planned change Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a major role in providing leadership to improve standards of living in LDCs

17. Development Planning Assumptions Development Planning accepts premises of Development Administration: State bureaucracy should take major role in social mobilization, economic transformation and increases in productivity; define policy goals for society Rejected by some advocates of Development Management

18. Political Assumptions Assumes political and administrative leadership have made the decision to effect changes in the system This is a meeting point of both counter- dependency strategy and modernization Need to strengthen administrative capacity in development economics and planning area

19. Administrative Assumptions Depends upon “administrative capacity”: Institutional arrangements for planning, planning agencies, management systems and processes that are innovative

20. Social Assumptions Assumes that there can be state managed social mobilization Basic premise: planning is setting of priorities for use of scarce resources through use of rational rather than political processes

21. Implementation Major responsibility for development lies with Planning official at the national and local level Development change occurs because of planned action Assumes Political and administrative leadership have made decision to effect improvement in the social system

22. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Problems

23. Bad Planning Discovered From Program to Project Planning Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a Leninist state in 1983 13 million face starvation in Horn of Africa "We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue

24. Bad Planning Discovered Illness and death of Brezhnev in Soviet Union The Change: Russia and Structural Adjustment Planning- The “Ivory Tower” problem Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at height of their power

25. End of assumption- Progress is inevitable 1983- Robert MacNamara resigns from World Bank- New and Different Demands Institutions and basic needs abandoned Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural commodities and livestock Orthodoxy: Overseas capital investment Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control of trade and commerce Local soft political institutions, weak private sectors

26. Change: the Counter- Orthodoxy The Realities: 1980s Focus on anti- Marxist, growth regimes Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa Politics not important

27. Contemporary Themes of Development-Review Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs), the failure of Development Management as a method Question: does failure occur as a result of state collapse? (Goran Hyden) What is the future of Development Planning

28. The Problem: Bad Planning and Foreign Aid 1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development theories 2. Development Institutes were largely irrelevant as training centers--donors used overseas training

29. The Problem 3. Development administration did little to deal with issues of population control, food production and rural development 4. Foreign aid little more than a front for foreign policy

30. Anti-Planning: Neo-Orthodoxy Issue of soft-state and inability of state to impose its will on society Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization No development management, development programs are “bad” Can’t make planning better

31. Structural Reforms The Change: Overemphasized the Anti- State theme Result Since 1985, privatization, public sector reform and structural adjustment New Theories Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social (Rational Choice) ideas What was “Developmental” in the 1990s?

32. To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Bureaucratic, administrative and political constraints constitute a major limitation Development strategies often parallel but ignore political realities Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country of less than a million people Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development

33. To what extent is the state planning approach necessary? Mandated by technical assistance Expanded government meant specialized planning organizations and the rise of development economics as a discipline The issue of grass roots participation was raised There was rhetoric of a command economy as opposed to a market economy with two extremes and the soft state in-between

34. Limitations of Planning To what extent is the state planning approach possible? Issue of growth vs. distribution Issue of planning vs. ways in which budget priorities are set Debate about the coordination of planning voluntary vs. hierarchical authority

35. Failures of Planning A Problem: The limits on political compromise and local level autonomy Failure of Development and the limits of the econometric model Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and administrative capacity Planning was a “shopping list”

36. Planning Bad- 1990 The Change International conflict shifts from East-West rivalry and cold war to ethnic, regional and internal conflicts culminating in September 11. Cambodia, Nicaragua Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique CIS and Central Europe become part of development portfolio Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq Perception of Development Problems

37. Contemporary Themes of Development Problem of government as a negative; a state centric vs. society centric view How does that translate into public private partnerships? (Robert Bates, Eleanor Ostrom) Issue of "implementation," the neglected component of development policy (Pressman)

38. Contemporary Themes of Development Institution building is a pre-requisite Development Policy is environmentally bound; Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen Staudt)

39. Change: the Counter- Orthodoxy Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors Good example: Land reform and bureaucracies A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process

40. The Middle View The Moderate Interpretation of Development Administration Failures Goal: Balance Public-Private Partnerships-

41. The New Orthodoxy The PROJECT as an operational concept The Problems of Development Management Project management means loss of control over programs and policy Project Characteristics: -Discrete tasks -Time Bound -fixed amount of money

42. Focus Next Week: The Project Cycle

43. Level of Analysis Issue & Planning Public Policy Overall decisions to take action Programs Ongoing areas of activity within a policy area, a nucleus to carry out program Projects Discrete time-bound, often sector or spatially based activity

44. Discussion: In Our Image Is assimilation the answer? In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East / Africa? Progress? (Joyce Cary) Is progress the answer? Violence? (Fuentes and Singh) Is development the answer?

45. The Problems of Development Management: Discussion Quote of the Week: "The Human Condition being what it was, let them fight, let them love, let them murder, I would not be involved." Graham Greene

46. Graham Greene The Quiet American Themes The US Mission The Third Force The Advantage of the Revolutionaries The French View?

47. Graham Greene The Quiet American Characters The American and the American’s theory of development The British Journalist--Engage? The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?) Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?