1. Lead-ins for Direct Quotations The Research Process American Literature

2. Most Important Rule Never drop a quotation into a sentence or paragraph without a proper lead-in!

3. 3 Types of Lead-Ins 1.Somebody says, 2.Sentence: 3.Blended

4. Somebody says, Punctuate as dialogue Use synonyms of “to say” – comment, add, declare, remark, respond, state, assert, suggest, etc. Use a complete sentence Use a comma

5. Somebody says, Example: Jane Agee comments, “Many students who would not have attempted college seven years ago are now coming into state universities through junior colleges” (10).

6. Sentence: Lead-in and quotation are complete sentences. Quotation begins with a CAPITAL letter. Use a colon  :

7. Sentence: Agee insists that English instruction on the college level will not improve until educators become realistic: “Public school teachers need to sit down and evaluate the situation” (12).

8. Blended Quotation is a grammatical part of sentence. Do not use a comma or capital letter unless needed. Do not use ellipses (…) at the beginning or end.

9. Blended State universities are now providing “special remedial programs” in which students who do not meet the “entrance requirements are admitted on probation” (Agee 13).

10. Block Quotes Use to set off a large portion of quoted material. You must have ONE block quote in your research paper.

11. Block Quotation Rules Use when there are more than 4 lines of typed lines of prose, 3 lines of poetry, or 3 lines of verse drama. Indent 10 spaces from the left (2 tabs). Do not add quotation marks unless they appear in the original text. Place the end punctuation BEFORE the parenthetical documentation.

12. Educators express great concern regarding the academic quality of students who are graduating from America’s high school: Perhaps the first reality that should be examined is the decline of literacy. Are college-bound students less literate today? If one accepts declining SAT scores as valid indicators, the answer seems to be “yes.” In 2000 the average national verbal score one the SAT was 575. In 2005 it was 560. (Smith 127)