1. Texas's Place on Earth
Chapter 2

2. Chapter 2 1
OBJECTIVES
Locate specific places of importance on a map of Texas.
Interpret information from a map.
Infer information from a map.
Compare and contrast general-purpose and special-purpose maps.
Categorize maps as being either general-purpose or special-purpose.

3. Who needs directions?
In order to find people, places, and things we need directions.
Most of us give directions using relative locations.
To get Dobie from San Antonio, get on I35 north, turn right at the HEB on 3009, pass the Walgreens, CVS, turn left at the Shell Gas Station at Borgfeld Road, continue 1.7 miles, and the school will be on your left.

4. To get more EXACT directions, we use latitude and longitude
To get more EXACT directions, we use latitude and longitude. This is using absolute locations to give directions.
Latitude – locations north or south of the equator
Longitude – locations east or west of the equator

5. To give directions to this island, you would use the absolute location
To give directions to this island, you would use the absolute location. You would have to use degrees of latitude and longitude.

6. What do lines of latitude and longitude look like?
Longitude lines
What do lines of latitude and longitude look like?
parallels
Latitude lines
meridians

7. The Earth’s Hemispheres
The earth is divided into two equal parts (spheres) called hemispheres.
Latitude is shown by parallels, which are also called lines of latitude. Latitude is the location north or south of the equator.
Longitude is indicated by meridians, or lines of longitude.
Longitude is the location east or west of the prime meridian.

8. The equator is an imaginary line at 0° latitude
The equator is an imaginary line at 0° latitude. It divides the earth into two halves: Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. (We use the letters N and S to show locations north and south of the equator.)
The prime meridian is at 0° longitude. It is also an imaginary line. It divides the earth into two halves: Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. (We use the letters W and E to show locations west and east of the prime meridian.)

9. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
EQUATOR
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

10. WESTERN HEMISPHERE EASTERN HEMISPHERE
PRIME MERIDIAN
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
EASTERN HEMISPHERE

11. Which city is located close to 27° 30’N, 99° 20’W?
Which cities are located close to 33° 55’N, 97° 30’W?

12. Special Parallels TROPICS Tropic of Cancer 23° 30’ N
Tropic of Capricorn 23° 30’ S
CIRCLES
Artic Circle 66° 33’ S
Antarctic Circle 66° 33’ S

13. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 1
The world is an enormous place. Finding your way around such a vast landscape would be almost impossible without the aid of maps. Maps can tell you about a place’s relative location and its absolute location on a geographic grid.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In our increasingly global community, you may need to describe your location to others and find your way to distant places.

14. History of Texas Maps TIMELINE 1500–1900
1520 Alonso Álvarez de Piñeda’s crew sketches first Spanish map of Texas
1569 Gerardus Mercator invents cylindrical map projection
1684 On La Salle expedition, Minet draws first French map of Texas
1728 Francisco Álvarez Barreiro draws first detailed map of inland Texas
1790s Philip Nolan creates first accurate Anglo American map of Texas
1830 Stephen F. Austin maps his settlement based on accurate survey
1844 William Hemsley Emory maps West Texas and the Mexican border

15. Fitting the Earth on a page?
Maps are drawn to scale to create a smaller representation of a place
It is difficult to fit the round, curved Earth on flat paper but cartographers have done their best. They had to take the image of the earth (curved surface) and transfer it to a flat surface (a map).
*Cartographers are people who make maps.

16. Different Types of Projections
Each has a specific purpose and distinctive distortions.

17. Maps “to scale”
Most maps are drawn to scale. This means that the distances on a map are proportionate to actual distances on earth.
For example, a map of Texas might have a scale of 1 inch = 100 miles. That means if you measure from one city to another (on a Texas map) and it is 2 inches apart, those two cities would be 200 miles apart. (shown on another slide)
There are 3 ways to show sale on a map.
1. Graphic scale
2. Written scale
3. Fractional scale

18. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 2
Many different factors must be considered when creating a map. Most importantly, mapmakers must consider purpose, size, and accuracy.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
For a map to be useful, it is important to select the one that will best show the information you need.

19. ( Think of general purpose maps – Think of most classroom maps)
Types of Maps
General Purpose
-Tells where places are and some information about the area
Examples:
*Physical maps (shows the natural features, or topography, of an area such as its mountains, valleys, rivers, and lakes) These are also called elevation maps.
*Physical-political maps (show units such as city, county, state, or country boundaries as well as some key features like mountain ranges, rivers, and bays)
( Think of general purpose maps – Think of most classroom maps)

20. Types of Maps Special Purpose Maps -Tells something specific about
the area
-Sometimes called thematic maps)
(Examples: city street maps, precipitation maps, historical maps)

21. AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS
Special Purpose Map
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS

22. Common Map Features Title (What is the map’s theme?) Scale Location
Symbols
Key
WILSON’S RANCH
Wilson Ranch

23. What can you learn from maps?
Use to study far away places
Used everyday on the news to show weather
Used even to find places in the mall
How else are maps used?

24. MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW 3
Different types of maps answer different questions. Some provide general information, while others show more specific data.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Knowing how to read different types of maps can help you better understand your world.

25. Maps use relative and absolute location to identify where places are on the earth.
Various types of maps provide different kinds of information for the reader.
Mapmakers consider factors such as the purpose and the size of the map.
Map provide us with a great deal of information about our surroundings

26. TEKS AND TAKS TEKS: 7.8A 7.9A 7.21B,C,H 7.22A, C, D 7.23B MA 7.12A
TA 4A, 11A
TAKS:
Grade 8 SS: 5(8.30 B,C)
Grade 7 MA: 5(7.12A)