1. Geographic skills you need to study Geography!
Methods of Geographic Inquiry
Geographic skills you need to study Geography!

2. Geography’s Basic Tools
Let us begin with:

3. A Map is a simplified representation of the real earth
A Map is a simplified representation of the real earth. It is a scaled down version of the real world. This scaled down version is in proportion to the real world. A map is usually on a 2D surface (flat) trying to represent a 3D image..

4. Map Projections
Definition: When the features of a globe are transferred (projected) onto flat surfaces.
Since the globe is in 3D and a flat surface is in 2D. All maps are created by projecting the 3D globe onto a 2D surface.
Therefore all 2D maps have some “Distortion”.

5. 1. Lambert Azimuthal - tries to preserve AREA
There are many types of “Map projections” that try to deal with distortion. A 2D map can never eliminate ALL of the distortion. So each map projection tries to preserve some of the following:
1. Lambert Azimuthal - tries to preserve AREA
2. Mercator projection - tries to preserve
DIRECTION
3. Robinson - tries to preserve
SHAPE
4. Sinusoidal - tries to preserve DISTANCE

6. Canada – Lambert Conformal Conic (Area)
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

7. Mercator Projection (Direction)
Thank you
Introduce self
Intro ESRI Canada - Subsidiary of ESRI International
ESRI is a software company specializing in Geographic Information System software
In addition to duties as ESRI’s Schools and Libraries program manager, I am also a part time instructor at Sir Sandford Fleming college in Lindsay, Ontario where I teach computer programming
I was pleased to be invited to give this address to you today, and I do so as much a fellow educator as a facilitator of technology in the school system. I’m thrilled to see the level of enthusiasm for introducing technology into all levels of education that today's session demonstrates

8. Robinson Projection (Shape)

9. Sinusoidal Projection (Distance)

10. Goode’s Projection (Unusual - Area)

11. Basic requirements of a Map
Title – must make sense and stand out
Legend – if required, describes units
Border – Map and/or Frame border
Scale – usually Linear
Direction – North Arrow
Overall neatness
Balance!! Very little white space.

12. Points on a Compass A compass is a way of finding direction
The four cardinal points are N, E, S, W
The twelve ordinal points are NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
The points all have corresponding degrees of a circle (0° → 360°)

13. Scale
Three ways to show scale:
Linear Scale –
2. Ratio or Representative Fraction – 1:
Statement –
One Cm on the map is equal to 100 Km in real life
Note : Be able to convert back and forth

14. A map with a scale of 1: shows the entire earth as if high up in space. Since things appear small on this map this type of scale is called a ‘small-scale’.
As you approach the earth and get closer and see more things in detail (things get larger), this type of scale is called a ‘large scale’. An example would be something like 1:500.
Remember 1:1 is real life size!

15. Large Scale
Small Scale

16. Scale Area Detail Example Large Scale Maps Small A lot
(streets, schools, railways, …)
Topographic maps, road maps, city bus maps
Small Scale Maps
Large
A little
(borders, lakes, large rivers, …)
Globes, world maps, atlases

17. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Building Footprint
You are here!

18. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Neighbourhood
You are here!

19. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Zoom out - Community
You are here!

20. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Township - County
You are here!

21. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Southern Ontario
You are here!

22. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Ontario
You are here!

23. Scale – Mapping Our Location
Canada
You are here!

24. Scale – Mapping Our Location
You are here!
World

25. Latitude and Longitude
Grid work of lines extending north-south and east-west.
Latitude is measured north and south of the equator
Longitude is measured east and west from the prime meridian.
This is different from the way you measure your usual x and y co-ordinates in math.

26. Latitude and Longitude

28. Lines on the Earth – Time Zones
Canada has 6 Time Zones

29. Reading Maps – Locating Places on a Map
We can use grid systems to locate places on a map.
The 3 grid systems used today are:
1. Latitude and Longitude
2. Military Grid
3. Alphanumeric Grid

30. Military Grid
A grid of blue lines on a map (eastings and northings) is used to identify squares in a grid pattern.
This grid system is used mainly on topographic maps.

31. Why was the military grid system introduced?
It was easier to place a grid system on a map then to use degrees, minutes and seconds from a globe.
With the increasing range in artillery in WWI, latitude and longitude was too cumbersome.

32. Reading a Military Grid
Easting: vertical line running from top to bottom on a topographic map
Northing: horizontal line across the topographic map.

33. Reading a Military Grid
By combining the digits from the easting and from the northing we are able to identify a square on the map.

34. 567 – Find the vertical 56 line and then go to the right 7.
An Example:
567 – Find the vertical 56 line and then go to the right 7.
893 – Find the horizontal 89 line and then go up 3. 90
567893 89 88 87 56 57 58 59 60

36. Alphanumeric Grid
This system uses LETTERS and NUMBERS to identify squares in a grid pattern.
This grid system is used mainly on Road Maps.

37. Reading an Alphanumeric Grid
The LETTERS represent the horizontal lines.
The NUMBERS represent the lines running from the top to the bottom of the map.
The Alphanumeric grid system is not as accurate as the Military grid system or Latitude and Longitude.

38. A B C D 1 2 3 4

39. Map Types
We need different types of maps to portray different information
The three most common types are:
1. General Purpose Maps
2. Thematic Maps
3. Topographic Maps
4. Digital Maps

40. General Purpose Maps

41. Thematic Maps

42. Topographic Maps - Contours

43. Alpha-Numeric – Street Maps
An example of a General Purpose Map

44. Digital Maps – from Google Maps
What are some of the advantages of these type of new maps?

45. Other Geographic Tools:
G.P.S. – Chapter 3
G.I.S. – Chapter 5
Aerial Photos – Chapter 6
Remote Sensing – Satellite Imagery – Chapter 7
Graphs – Circle (Pie), Bar, Line – Chapter 8

46. G.P.S.

47. G.I.S.

48. Aerial Photos

49. Remote Sensing
Perth, Australia

50. Graphs

51. The End!