1. COMPONENTS REQUIRED STEP DOWN PRANSFORMER:
Ac applied to primary winding can be stepped
down depending upon value of dc needed
In our project 230v ac appear as 15v ac across
secondary winding

3. Excitation Power
Source
Output will be 0 if the Excitation is maximum for 0 to 100 % impact + - + -
Passive
Transducer
0 to 100 % of physical impact

4. Signal
Conditioner +
m A -
To ADC
10Ω

5. RECTIFIER UNIT Op-amp rectifier are used to convert ac to
dc(IC LM 1458)
CHARACTERISTICS OF OP-AMP
It must be tunable
It should not load pt and ct
It should not have any conduction losses

6. RELAYS
Main function of relay is to detect the fault and intiate the operation of circuit breaker
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
These relays acts as a switches which
provides contact between two
mechanical element

7. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
They are used so that ammeter and
currents coils of instruments and relays
need not be connected directly to high
voltage line

8. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
High alternating voltage are reduced in a
fixed proportion for the measurement
purpose with help of potential transformer

9. FILTERING UNIT It consists of capacitor acting as surge arrester
To by pass ripples and high frequency signals
It allows only low frequency signals

10. VOLTAGE REGULATOR
It helps rectifier and filter circuit in providing a constant dc voltage to device

11. FIVE MODULES OF SCADA DATA ACQUIRING DATA PROCESSING DATA CONVERSION
DATA MANIPULATION
DATA TRANSMISSION

12. DATA ACQUIRING It acquires variable status like temperature
pressure,flow etc
components of data acquistion are from simple thermocouple to complex gas analyser
Active transducer
Passive transducer

13. ACTIVE TRANSDUCER
They are self generative as per physical variations offered to it
ADVANTAGE
Reliable
low cost
better inter changablity
wide operating temperature

14. PASSIVE TRANSDUCER
These types of transducer have output will be full or partial of excitation
ADVANTAGE
available in all size
DISADVANTAGE
output will be reliable only if excitation
source is reliable

15. DATA ACQUIRING Flame detection Intruder detection Bomb detection
Cable fault detection
Staff attendance maintenance

16. FLAME DETECTION
It can be used to detect fire in relays, generator ,contacts with help of LDR
INTRUDER DETECTION

17. BOMB DETECTION SENSOR Inductive proximity sensor
It can be used to detect even rdx bomb

18. DATA PROCESSING
It is much essential in field instrumentation for safe and secured operations of process industries

19. DATA CONVERSION
It is the process of converting analog into computing data
example of data converters are ADC and DAC

20. DATA MANUPILATION
It is the simple calculation between real value and ADC value
it comprises of
Recording of values
Graphical output
Indication
Controlling all application

21. DATA TRANSMISSION
It forms bridge between master control room and sub system area
Radio frequency can be utilized for data communication