1. U.S. History I Chapter 15 Immigration & Urbanization Section 2 The Problems of Urbanization

2.  Urban Expansion Opportunities: work, escape poverty, better life. Opportunities: work, escape poverty, better life. Industrial Revolution- new mills, factories, mines & transportation systems. Need workers who live close to workplaces. Industrial Revolution- new mills, factories, mines & transportation systems. Need workers who live close to workplaces. Settlers drawn to Northeast & Midwest. Urbanization resulted. Settlers drawn to Northeast & Midwest. Urbanization resulted.

3.  Why Immigrants Settled in Cities Cities- cheap/convenient place to live. Most settled not far from the ports where they arrived. Cities- cheap/convenient place to live. Most settled not far from the ports where they arrived. Unskilled laborers had steady jobs in mills & factories. Unskilled laborers had steady jobs in mills & factories. Cities provided social support of other immigrant families. Cities provided social support of other immigrant families. 1890: twice as many Irish residents in New York City as in Dublin, Ireland. Largest Polish population in Chicago. 1890: twice as many Irish residents in New York City as in Dublin, Ireland. Largest Polish population in Chicago. 1910- immigrant families made up more than half the total population of 18 major American cities. 1910- immigrant families made up more than half the total population of 18 major American cities. Lived in ethnic neighborhoods with others from same country. Speak own language, practice their customs/religion while learning about new home from prior arrivals. Lived in ethnic neighborhoods with others from same country. Speak own language, practice their customs/religion while learning about new home from prior arrivals.

4.  Migration: Rural to City Innovations/Inventions in farming- McCormick reaper / steel-bladed plow. Innovations/Inventions in farming- McCormick reaper / steel-bladed plow. Need fewer farm laborers- went to cities to find work. Need fewer farm laborers- went to cities to find work. Many southern farmers who lost farming jobs- African Americans. Many southern farmers who lost farming jobs- African Americans. 1890-1910: 200,000 African Americans move to cities (Chicago, Detroit). Moved to escape racial violence, economic hardship & political oppression. Conditions only somewhat better in the cities. 1890-1910: 200,000 African Americans move to cities (Chicago, Detroit). Moved to escape racial violence, economic hardship & political oppression. Conditions only somewhat better in the cities.

5.  Migration: Rural to City con’t African Americans took low paying factory jobs or work as domestic servants due to racial prejudice & inadequate education. African Americans took low paying factory jobs or work as domestic servants due to racial prejudice & inadequate education. ­Cities/Cultural Attractions- slow pace in immigrant’s native village & rural America. Cities exciting. NYC- first moving pictures, Chicago- Buffalo Bill Wild West Show & Boston- baseball. ­Cities/Cultural Attractions- slow pace in immigrant’s native village & rural America. Cities exciting. NYC- first moving pictures, Chicago- Buffalo Bill Wild West Show & Boston- baseball.

6.  Urban Problems  Housing Row houses. Immigrants had 2 or 3 families in single-family residences. Row houses. Immigrants had 2 or 3 families in single-family residences. Multifamily dwellings also called tenements were overcrowded and unsanitary. Multifamily dwellings also called tenements were overcrowded and unsanitary. 1879- NYC passed law for minimum standards for plumbing & ventilation. Dumbbell tenements built to meet standards. Long, narrow, 5 or 6 story buildings shaped like barbells. Central part was indented on either side to allow for an air shaft & an outside window for each room. 1879- NYC passed law for minimum standards for plumbing & ventilation. Dumbbell tenements built to meet standards. Long, narrow, 5 or 6 story buildings shaped like barbells. Central part was indented on either side to allow for an air shaft & an outside window for each room.

7.  Transportation 1873- San Francisco, cable cars introduced. 1873- San Francisco, cable cars introduced. 1888- Richmond, VA electric streetcars. 1888- Richmond, VA electric streetcars. 1897- Boston, electric subways. 1897- Boston, electric subways.

8.  Water 1840s & 1850s, NY & Cleveland built public waterworks. 1840s & 1850s, NY & Cleveland built public waterworks. 1893- chlorination introduced & filtration in 1908. 1893- chlorination introduced & filtration in 1908.

9.  Sanitation Challenge to keep cities clean. Challenge to keep cities clean. Scavengers, private contractors, hired to sweep streets, collect garbage & clean outhouses. Did not do their job adequately. Scavengers, private contractors, hired to sweep streets, collect garbage & clean outhouses. Did not do their job adequately. 1900, cities instituted sewer lines and sanitation departments. 1900, cities instituted sewer lines and sanitation departments.

10.  Fire Limited water supply contributes to fires- a major problem. Limited water supply contributes to fires- a major problem. Cities had wooden dwellings. Candles & kerosene heaters fire hazards. Cities had wooden dwellings. Candles & kerosene heaters fire hazards. Firefighters generally volunteers. Cincinnati, Ohio established first paid fire department in 1853. Firefighters generally volunteers. Cincinnati, Ohio established first paid fire department in 1853. 1874, automatic fire sprinkler invented. 1874, automatic fire sprinkler invented. Brick, stone & concrete buildings made cities safer. Brick, stone & concrete buildings made cities safer. 1871- Great Chicago Fire. 1871- Great Chicago Fire.

11.  Crime Pickpockets, thieves & con men. Pickpockets, thieves & con men. Murderers’ Alleys or Robbers’ Roosts, gangs of young toughs, controlled crime-ridden areas of certain cities. Murderers’ Alleys or Robbers’ Roosts, gangs of young toughs, controlled crime-ridden areas of certain cities. 1844-, NYC organized first salaried police force. 1844-, NYC organized first salaried police force.

13.  Reformers Social welfare reformers helped relieve poverty of immigrants & others. Social welfare reformers helped relieve poverty of immigrants & others. The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor. Ministers inspired followers to erect churches in poor communities & persuaded business leaders to treat workers more fairly. The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor. Ministers inspired followers to erect churches in poor communities & persuaded business leaders to treat workers more fairly. 1800s, reformers establish settlement houses, community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance & friendship. These promoted education, culture & social services. 1800s, reformers establish settlement houses, community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance & friendship. These promoted education, culture & social services.

14.  Reformers con’t 1886- NYC, settlement houses founded by Charles Stover & Stanton Colt. 1886- NYC, settlement houses founded by Charles Stover & Stanton Colt. 1889- Jane Addams & Ellen Gates founded Chicago’s Hull House. 1889- Jane Addams & Ellen Gates founded Chicago’s Hull House. 1890- Janie Porter Barrett founded Locus Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA, first settlement house for African Americans. 1890- Janie Porter Barrett founded Locus Street Social Settlement in Hampton, VA, first settlement house for African Americans.

16.  Reformers con’t 1893- Lillian D. Wald established NYC’s Henry Street Settlement House. 1893- Lillian D. Wald established NYC’s Henry Street Settlement House. 1910- 400 settlement houses across the country. 1910- 400 settlement houses across the country.