2. The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

3. A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

4. The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

5. Introduction
Database management system (DBMS): group of programs that manipulate database and provide interface between database and users
Database administrator (DBA): a skilled information systems professional who directs all activities related to organization’s database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

6. Data Management: The Hierarchy of Data
A bit (a binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on or off
A byte is typically 8 bits
Character: each byte represents a character, the basic building block of information
Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

7. The Hierarchy of Data (continued)
Record: a collection of related data fields
File: a collection of related records
Database: a collection of integrated and related files
Hierarchy of data: formed by bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

8. Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

9. Data Entities and Attributes
Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
Data item: the specific value of an attribute
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

10. The Traditional Approach Versus the Database Approach
Traditional approach: separate data files are created and stored for each application program
Results in data redundancy: duplication of data in separate files
Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity (the degree to which the data in any one file is accurate)
Database approach: approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs; offers significant advantages over traditional file-based approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

11. Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

12. Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

13. Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

14. Popular Database Management Systems
Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Access and Corel’s Paradox
The complete database management software market includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft
Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL
Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

15. Database Applications: Linking the Company Database to the Internet
Corporate databases can be accessed by customers, suppliers, and company employees through:
The Internet
Intranets
Extranets
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

16. Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

17. Data Resource Management
Chapter 3

18. What about this concerning DRM?
“I have traveled the length & breadth of this country and talked with the best people, and I can assure you that data processing is a fad that won’t last out the year”.
The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall (1957)
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

19. What about this concerning DRM?
“It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data”.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1892)
Sherlock Holmes
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

20. Database Functions 1. Manage data storage AMR parent of Amer Airlines
Teamed with IBM-1st airline reservation sys.
Saabre
Saabre became more valuable that the other assets of the co. including its planes.
Spun it off as Saabre Holdings Corp.
Has 4 times the stock value of AMR
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

21. Database Functions 2. Transform data into information
3. Provide security – Who has access. Part of Sarbox.
4. Allow multi-user access
5. Allow programming & Query Lang. ability
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

22. Data Resource Management
Data is a resource
Data must be organized (table)
Data must be managed
(backup & retrieval
Add records
Delete records
Business survival depends on information regarding internal & external environ.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

23. Data Resource Management
What is the external environment?
Government: Fed., state, city, county
New laws, changes in laws, mandates, compliance
World Economics
Politics
Competitors
Demographics
Suppliers
Technology (hardware, software, etc.
Customers
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

24. Data Resource Management
A managerial activity
Applies IS technology to managing data resources to
meet needs of business stakeholders.
IS technology (from above)
DBMS
Data warehousing
Data mining
Center for Data Integrity (CDI)
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

25. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Database
Integrated collection of logically related data elements
Consolidates records into a common pool of data elements
Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

26. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Files (table)
A group of related records
Records
Related fields of data
Collection of attributes that describe an entity
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

27. Foundation Data Concepts
Levels of data
Field
Groupings of characters
Represents an attribute of some entity
Entity
Person
Place
Object
event
Character
Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

28. Logical Data Elements – What are they?
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

29. Logical Data Elements
Compare the previous figure with the data that was organized before computers.
Is that older system still used?
Since data entry bookkeeping?
Can you have more than one database in your organization? If so, why would you want this?
One database—1 or more tables
Separate databases– 1 or more tables
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

30. Logical Data Elements
Who will organize the data (database, tables, records, fields, entities) in your organization.
3rd generation language – Very procedural
4th generation language – managers can use it.
Who will use the data in your organization?
Who will maintain the data in your org.’s database?
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

31. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

32. Types of Databases Operational
Supports business processes and operations
Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, and production databases
Examples
HR database
Inventory database
Customer database
E-commerce databases
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

33. Access. Example of operational DB that can be created & managed by small bus. or dept
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

34. Types of Databases (continued)
Distributed
Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites.
Network servers on the WWW.
Intranets or extranets
Replication -- Webopedia
Done to improve database performance and security
Performance example?
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

35. Types of Databases (continued)
Distributed Databases (continued)
Challenge
Ensuring all replicated data are consistently and concurrently updated
Synchronization
Novell = NDS=partitioning
Time on servers around the world can be a problem.
Data log reports are very helpful
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

36. Types of Databases (continued)
External
Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web or your supplier DB’s.
Sources are almost endless
External can be download into DBMS Remember that DBMS is a decision support tool. Example?
Infor. From the DBMS can be downloaded in to a variety of applications for analysis.
Excel. Also a decision support tool. Example?
Database inform. can be accessed by Excel. Excel information can be accessed by DB.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

37. Data Warehouses and Data Mining
Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization
Central source of “structured” data
May be subdivided into data marts
Subsets of data that focus on specific aspects of the co., e.g., by department or process.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

38. Data warehouse Data acquisition
This process includes activities
Consolidating data from several sources
Filtering out unwanted data
Correcting incorrect data
Converting data to new data types
The data is then stored so that it can be moved into the enterprise warehouse
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

39. Data Warehouse Enterprise warehouse
Can then be moved into data marts or
To analytical data stores
Holds data in a more useful form for certain types of data so that it can be used by OLAP applications.
Link to OLAP
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

40. The Components of a Data Warehouse System
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

41. Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)
A major use of data warehouse databases
Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends
In vast amounts of data
Usually several terabytes of data.
4, 000,000,000,000 bytes
Its above gigabytes
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

42. Data Mining (continued)
Data mining software uses:
Advanced pattern recognition algorithms
Variety of math & statistical techniques
To filter through data to extract previously unknown strategic business information.
Examples:
New or change products
New or change services
Marketing activities
Organizational change/process change
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

43. Database Management Approach)
DBMS serves as an interface between the users and databases.
Controls how databases and objects are
Created
Interrogated
Maintained
So users can easily access the data in the database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

44. Database Management Approach: Example
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

45. Database Management Approach (continued)
Database Management System
Software interface between users and databases
Controls creation, maintenance, and use of the database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

46. Database Management Approach (continued)
Database Interrogation
3rd Generation. Programming languages
4th Generation. SQL and then QBE
Query
Supports ad hoc requests
Can save queries
Tells the software how you want to organize the data and what data that you want?
QBE has a graphical user interface (GUI)
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

47. SQL & Natural Languages
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

48. Queries
A query lets you easily obtain immediate response to an hoc data requests.
What is immediate?
Can a query be save for future use? If so, give me an example.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

49. Example of Querying 2 Tables
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

50. Database Management Approach (continued)
Report Generator
Turns results of a table or query into a useable report
Can specify a report format.
Examples of report formatting ???
Can these report formats be saved ???
Reports are linked to a table
Can a report also be linked to a query ??? If so, why would you want to do this ???
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

51. Access Report Generator
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

52. Database Maintenance Database Maintenance
What is this? 3 simple things that are imp.
Add records
Delete records
Change the nature of records
Why must this occur?
Who does it, usually?
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

53. Database Management Approach (continued)
Application Development
Function of a DBMS
The DBMS has built-in software dev. tools
To develop custom application programs
Develop data entry screens
Forms
Reports
Who does this?
End users
Systems analysts
Application developers
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

54. Implementing Data Resource Management
Why is data resource management needed ???
Link
Data Resource Management includes:
DBMS
Data planning
Database Administration
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

55. Data Resource Management
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

56. Database Administration
Develop and maintain the data dictionary
Design and monitor performance of databases
Enforce database use and security standards
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

57. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Data Planning
Corporate planning and analysis function
Developing the overall data architecture
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

58. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Data Administration
Standardize collection, storage, and dissemination of data to end users
Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives
May include developing policy and setting standards
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

59. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Challenges
Technologically complex
So difficult & expensive
What about recruiting tech. people
What about the training of users
Vast amounts of data to be managed
Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures
Scalability of your systems
What about outsourcing?
Data requirements are going to grow
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

60. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Benefits
Reduces the duplication of data
Integrates data so that they can be accessed by multiple programs & users
Software is not dependent on the format of the data or type of secondary storage hardware
Business professionals can use inquiry and reporting capabilities
The security of data are increased. Access to data & modification of data are controlled through the data admin. function
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

61. The remaining slides are from information from your text for Chapter 5
Section II
The remaining slides are from information from your text for Chapter 5
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

62. Data Structures
The relationships among the many individual data elements stored in databases are based on one of several logical data structures or models
DBMS packages are designed to use a specific data structure to provide end users with quck & easy acces to information stored in a DB.
5 database structures
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

63. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

64. Database Structures Hierarchical
Early mainframe DBMS packages used this
Treelike or hierarchical
All of the relationships are one-to-many
Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing
Not very flexible. One-to-many relationships only.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

65. Database Structures (continued)
Network structure
More complex
Relationships must be specified in advance
More flexible
Many-to-many relationship
More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

66. Database Structures (continued)
Relational structure
Data elements stored in simple tables
Relationships do not have to be specified when the database is created.
Can link data elements from various tables
Can create new tables of data relationships using parts of data from several tables.
Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models
Easier to maintain
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

67. Database Structures (continued)
Multi-Dimensional structure
A variation of the relational model
Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications
Popular database structure for the analytical databases that support OLAP.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

68. Database Structures (continued)
Object-oriented structure
Key technology of a new generation of multimedia web-based applications
Good for complex, high-volume applications
OODB software is finding increasing use in:
Managing hypermedia databases on the
Web
Corporate intranets
Corporate extranets
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

69. Object-oriented structures (continued)
OODBMS
Can easily manage the access and storage of objects (subsets of Web pages)
Document images
Graphic images
Video
Audio
Can do these more efficiently than relational DBMS
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

70. However, major relational DBMS vendors have countered by:
Adding object-oriented modules to their relational software.
IBM’s DB2
Oracles’s object based “cartridges”
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

71. Accessing Databases Key fields (primary key)
A field unique to each record so it can be distinguished from all other records in a table
Each table in a relational database must contain a primary key.
This field uniquely identifies each record in a file and must also be found in other related tables
So that you could be provided with information from 2 or more tables by joining the tables and retrieving infor. You want.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

72. Accessing Databases (continued)
Sequential access
Too slow to handle applications requiring immediate updating or responses
Direct access
Data Dictionary
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

73. Database Development Planning & Design Process
Who can database administrators be in DBMS packages like MS Access or Lotus Approach?
Large organizations
DBA’s and data design analyst and other database specialists
For integrity and security
Work with end users and systems analysts
Data Planning & Database Design
Planning & Design Process
Enterprise model
Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)
Data modeling
Develop logical framework for the physical design
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

74. Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme
1. What type of data did both companies need to collect?
2. What was this information made up of?
Who were the customers of Krispy Kreme?
Who were the customers of Sherwin-Wms?
3. Is there a need to collect external data on other than your customers?
We will have a project on collecting external information into a decision support system and modeling the information for analyis.
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

75. Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme
4. Why has external data in corporate data warehouses increased so much over the last few years?
5. It is very simple to integrate external data into your databases. ??? True or False
6. Most of the external data that is available for purchase is reliable. ??? True or False
7. How does S-W collect its external data ???
8. How does KK collect its data ???
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

76. Case for Chapter 3 Sherwin-Williams & Krispy Kreme
9. Krispy Kreme used a 3rd party to collect external data. What were some stated advantages ???
10. What challenges in acquiring and using data from external sources are identified in this case?
11. Do you prefer either of the companys external data gathering approach ??? Why
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition