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Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9
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Drill: A statue is electroplated at the cathode using a silver anode in aqueous AgNO 3. Calculate the current required to plate 10.8 g of silver in 5.0 minutes.
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Drill: Calculate the volume of Cl 2 formed at 27 o C under 75 kPa when xs molten NaCl is electrolyzed with 96.5 mA for 5.0 mins.
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Nuclear Chemistry
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The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms
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Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved
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Radioactive Nuclei Nuclei that spontaneously decompose
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Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number
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Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but numbers of neutrons
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Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope
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Nuclear Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei
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Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture
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Alpha Particle ( ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small
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Beta Particle ( ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium
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Gamma Ray ( ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great
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Positron ( ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium
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K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1
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Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4 Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0 Gamma: 0 0 Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e
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Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy
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Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus involving the release of energy
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Drill: Name & describe 3 types of radiation
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Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy
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Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy
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Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another
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Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed
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Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns
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Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by particles
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Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4 Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0 Gamma: 0 0
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Nuclear Symbols Neutron 0 1 n Proton 1 1 p Electron -1 0 e
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Transmutation Rxns emission of Pm-142 bombardment of Th-231
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Transmutation Rxns emission of U followed by two separate emissions:
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Transmutation Rxns bombardment of Th followed by two separate emission:
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Predict Products emission of O-18 followed by a emission:
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Predict Products absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then emission
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Predict Products neutron bombardment of Ta-182 followed by emission then emission
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Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U followed by two separate emission:
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Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Fission U-235 is the only fissable isotope of uranium 0.71 % of uranium is U-235 99.28 % of uranium is U-238
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Nuclear Fission Chain reaction can occur only when it reaches critical mass The percentage of U-235 in uranium is too low to form a chain reaction
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Nuclear Fission To run a power plant, the U-235 needs to be enriched to ~ 2% To make a bomb, the U-235 needs to be enriched to > 70%
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Nuclear Fission To create a chain reaction, the U-235 % must be increased (enriched) greatly Ultra-centrifugation
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Nuclear Fission Bomb
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Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down
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Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose
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Decay Rate Rate = k X/ t ln(X i /X f ) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life
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1st Order Age Dating Formula ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =
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Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730 yr
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Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730
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Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through bombardment followed by emission.
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Predict the products in each step when Uranium-234 goes through 5 straight emissions.
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Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730
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Mass-Energy Relations E = mc 2
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Nuclear Fact The mass of any nucleus is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons
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Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using: E = mc 2
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Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to m of nucleus
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In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-143 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the ray
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Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions
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A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5730 yrs
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Know the radioactive particles & their characteristics.
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Alpha ( ) Beta ( ) Gamma ( )
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Know how to balance transmutation reactions
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Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.
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Know how to perform age dating ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693 t =
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Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000010 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5730
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Know How to Determine Reactions in an Electrolytic Cell
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2.0 volts is applied to a system through 2 platinum electrodes in an aqueous solution containing ZnCl 2(aq) & CaBr 2(aq). Calculate: anode, cathode, & total rxns & voltages.
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Know how to make electroplating calculations.
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Charge (mass) = current x time coul = amp x sec q = It
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Saul’s Rule nFm = MWIt
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Calculate the mass of Al purified from Al 2 O 3 using a current of 96.5 MA for 5.0 hrs.
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Calculate the time required to plate 1.08 g of silver onto a cathode using a current of 965 mA.
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