AC Fundamental Constants Savely G Karshenboim Pulkovo observatory (St. Petersburg) and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (Garching)

Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants

Why astrophysics? Cosmology: changing universe. Inflation: variation of constants. Pulsars: astrophysical clocks. Quasars: light from a very remote past. Why clocks? Frequency: most accurately measured. Different clocks: planetary motion, pulsars, atomic, molecular and nuclear clocks – different dependence on the fundamental constants.

Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why astrophysics? Cosmology: changing universe. Inflation: variation of constants. Pulsars: astrophysical clocks. Quasars: light from a very remote past. Why clocks? Frequency: most accurately measured. Different clocks: planetary motion, pulsars, atomic, molecular and nuclear clocks – different dependence on the fundamental constants. But: everything related to astrophysics is model dependent and not transparent.

[Optical] Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why atomic clocks? Frequency measurements are most accurate up to date. Different atomic and molecular transitions differently depend on fundamental constants ( , m e /m p, g p etc). Why optical? Optical clocks have been greatly improved and will be improved further. They allow a transparent model- independent interpretation in terms of  variation.

Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Why atomic clocks? Frequency measurements are most accurate up to date. Different atomic and molecular thansitions differently depend on fundamental constants ( , m e /m p, g p etc). Why optical? Optical clocks have been greatly improved and will be improved further. They allow a transparent model- independent interpretation in terms of  variation. Up to now the optical measurements are the only source for accurate and reliable model-independent constraints on a possible time variation of constants.

Outline Are fundamental constants: fundamental? constants? Various fundamental constants Origin of the constants in modern physics Measurements and fundamental constants Fundamental constants & units of physical quantities Determination of fundamental constants Precision frequency measurements & variation of constants Clocks for fundamental physics Advantages and disadvantages of laboratory searches Recent results in frequency metrology Current laboratory constraints

Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units.

Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws.

Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws. These laws themselves can provide no quantitive predictions. Certain quantitive parameters enter the expression of these laws. Some enter very different equations from various fields.

Introduction Physics is an experimental science and the measurements is the very base of physics. However, before we perform any measurements we have to agree on certain units. Our way of understanding of Nature is a quantitive understanding, which takes a form of certain laws. These laws themselves can provide no quantitive predictions. Certain quantitive parameters enter the expression of these laws. Some enter very different equations from various fields. Such universal parameters are recognized as fundamental physical constants. The fundamental constants are a kind of interface to apply these basic laws to a quantitive description of Nature.

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems.

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. Just in case: G is the gravitaiton constant; g is acceleration of free fall.

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant,

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore.

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...)

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time  – property of a universal interaction

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time  – property of a universal interaction Just in case:  is the fine structure constant: which is e 2 /4  0 ħc.

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time  – property of a universal interaction m e, m p – properties of individual elementary particles

Fundamental constants & various physical phenomena First universal parameters appeared centuries ago. G and g entered a big number of various problems. G is still a constant, g is not anymore. Universality: theoretical point of view: really fundamental ones are such as G, h, c practical point of view: constants which are really necessary for various measurements (Bohr magneton, cesium HFS...) Most fundamental constants in physics: G, h, c – properties of space-time  – property of a universal interaction m e, m p – properties of individual elementary particles cesium HFS, carbon atomic mass – properties of specific compound objects

Lessons to learn: A variation of certain constants already took place according to the inflation model.  is likely the most fundamental of phenomenological constants (the masses are not!) accessible with high accuracy.

Lessons to learn: A variation of certain constants already took place according to the inflation model.  is likely the most fundamental of phenomenological constants (the masses are not!) accessible with high accuracy. The only reason to be sure that a certain `constant´is a constant is to trace its origine and check.

Units Physics is based on measurements and a measurement is always a comparison. Still there is a substantial difference between a relative measurement (when we take advantage of some relations between two values we like to compare) and an absolute measurements (when a value to compare with has been fixed by an agreement – e.g. SI).

Fundamental constants & units for physical quantities Early time: units are determined by humans (e.g. foot) Earth (e.g. g = 9.8 m/s, day) water (e.g.  = 1 g/cm 3 ; Celsius temperature scale) Sun (year) Now we change most of our definitions but keep size of the units! The fundamental scale is with atoms and particles and most of constants are » 1 or « 1.

Fundamental constants & units for physical quantities Early time: units are determined by humans (e.g. foot) Earth (e.g. g = 9.8 m/s, day) water (e.g.  = 1 g/cm 3 ; Celsius temperature scale) Sun (year) Now we change most of our definitions but keep size of the units! The fundamental scale is with atoms and particles and most of constants are » 1 or « 1. An only constant ~ 1 is Ry ~ 13.6 eV (or I H ~ 13.6 V) since all electric potentials were linked to atomic and molecular energy.

Towards natural units Kilogram is defined via an old-fashion way: an artifact. Second is defined via a fixed value of cesium HFS f = 9 192 631 770 Hz (Hz = 1/s). Metre is defined via a fixed value of speed of light c = 299 792 458 m/s. If we consider 1/f as a natural unit of time, and c as a natural unit of velocity, then their numerical values play role of conversion factors: 1 s = 9 192 631 770 × 1/f, 1 m/s = (1/299 792 458) × c. a great illusion of SI Those numerical factors are needed to keep the values as they were introduced a century ago what is a great illusion of SI. The fundamental constants serve us both as natural units and as conversion factors.

Towards natural units Kilogram is defined via an old-fashion way: an artifact. Second is defined via a fixed value of cesium HFS f = 9 192 631 770 Hz (Hz = 1/s). Metre is defined via a fixed value of speed of light c = 299 792 458 m/s. If we consider 1/f as a natural unit of time, and c as a natural unit of velocity, then their numerical values play role of conversion factors: 1 s = 9 192 631 770 × 1/f, 1 m/s = (1/299 792 458) × c. a great illusion of SI Those numerical factors are needed to keep the values as they were introduced a century ago what is a great illusion of SI. The fundamental constants serve us both as natural units and as conversion factors. If the constants are changing the units are changing as well.

Constants & their numerical values We have to distinguish clearly between fundamental constants and their numerical values. The Rydberg constant is defined via e, h, m e,  0 and c. It has no relation to cesium and its hyperfine structure (nuclear magnetic moment). While the numerical value of the Rydberg constant 2 × {Ry} = 9 192 631 770 / {Cs HFS} At.un. is related to cesium and SI, but not to Ry. If e.g. we look for variation of constants suggesting a variation of cesium magnetic moment, the numerical value of Ry will vary, while the constant itself will not.

Progress in determination of fundamental constants This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, m e /m p ) and moderate for others.

Progress in determination of fundamental constants This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, m e /m p ) and moderate for others. Note: the progress is not necessary an increase of accuracy,

Progress in determination of fundamental constants This is the progress for over 30 years. Impressive for some of constants (Ry, m e /m p ) and moderate for others.

Lessons to learn: If fundamental constants are changing, the units are changing as well. Variation of a dimensional quantity can in principle be detected. However, it is easier to deal with dimensionless quantities, or numerical values in well-defined units.

Lessons to learn: Fundamental constants have been measured not so accurately as we need. We have to look for consequenses of their variations for most precision measured quantities. One can note from accuracy of the Rydberg constant: those are frequencies.

Optical frequency measurements Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range.

Optical frequency measurements Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate.

Optical frequency measurements Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate. That is possible because of frequency comb technology which offers precision comparisons optics to optics and optics to RF.

Optical frequency measurements &  variations Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate. That is possible because of frequency comb technology which offers precision comparisons optics to optics and optics to RF. Meantime comparing various optical transitions to cesium HFS we look for their variation at the level of a part in 10 15 per a year.

What is the frequency comb? f opt +nf rf When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains f opt +nf rf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. f off +nf rep Each comd line can be presented as f off +nf rep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency f with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where f max < 2 × f mix. That is achieved by using special fibers. f off f rep With octave one can express f off in terms of f rep.

What is the frequency comb? f opt +nf rf When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains f opt +nf rf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. f off +nf rep Each comd line can be presented as f off +nf rep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency F with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where f max < 2f mix. That is achieved by using special fibers. f off f rep With octave one can express f off in terms of f rep.

What is the frequency comb? f opt +nf rf When an optical signal is modulated by an rf, the results contains f opt +nf rf, where n = 0, ±1, ± 2... When the rf signal is very unharmonic, n can be really large. For the comb one starts with femtosecond pulses. f off +nf rep Each comd line can be presented as f off +nf rep. A measurement is a comparison of an optical frequency F with a comb line, determining their differnce which is in rf domain. An important issue is an octave, i.e. a spectrum where f max < 2f mix. That is achieved by using special fibers. f off f rep With octave one can express f off in terms of f rep. Presence of regular reference lines, distance between which is in rf domain, across all the visible spectrum (and a substantial paft of IR and UV) allows a comparison of two opical lines, or an optical againts a radio frequency.

Optical frequency measurements &  variations Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate. That is possible because of frequency comb technology which offers precision comparisons optics to optics and optics to RF. Meantime comparing various optical transitions to cesium HFS we look for their variation at the level of a part in 10 15 per a year. I regret to inform you that the result for the variations is negative.

Optical frequency measurements &  variations Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate. That is possible because of frequency comb technology which offers precision comparisons optics to optics and optics to RF. Meantime comparing various optical transitions to cesium HFS we look for their variation at the level of few parts in 10 15 per a year. I regret to inform you that the result for the variations is negative. I am sorry!

Optical frequency measurements &  variations Length measurements are related to optics since RF has too large wave lengths for accurate measurements. Clocks used to be related to RF because of accurate frequency comparisons and conventional macroscopic and electromagnetic frequency range. Now: clocks enter optics and because of more oscillations in a given period they are potentially more accurate. That is possible because of frequency comb technology which offers precision comparisons optics to optics and optics to RF. Meantime comparing various optical transitions to cesium HFS we look for their variation at the level of few parts in 10 15 per a year. I regret to inform you that the result for the variations is negative. I am really sorry!

Atomic Clocks and Fundamental Constants Clocks Atomic and molecular transitions: their scaling with , m e /m p etc. Advantages and disadvantages of clocks to search the variations. Recent progress.

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control.

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Clock frequency = atomic frequency

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An artificial device designed for a purpose. The corrections (wall shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Clock frequency = atomic frequency

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An artificial device designed for a purpose. The corrections (wall shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Clock frequency = atomic frequency Clock frequency  atomic frequency

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An artificial device designed for a purpose. The corrections (wall shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Clock frequency = atomic frequency Clock frequency  atomic frequency If we like to look for a variation of natural constants we have to deal with standards similar to caesium clock.

Atomic Clocks Caesium clock Primary standard: Locked to an unperturbed atomic frequency. All corrections are under control. Hydrogen maser An articitial device designed for a purpose. The corrections (wall shift) are not under control. Unpredictable drift – bad long term stability. Clock frequency = atomic frequency Clock frequency  atomic frequency If we like to look for a variation of natural constants we have to deal with standards similar to caesium clock. To work with such a near primary clock is the same as to measure an atomic frequency in SI or other appropriate units.

Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structureRy Fine structure  2 × Ry HFS structure  2 ×  Nucl /  B × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(  )

Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structureRy Fine structure  2 × Ry HFS structure  2 ×  Nucl /  B × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(  ) That is what one can easily derive for hydrogen. More complicated atoms lead to more complicated calculation of numerical factors.

Scaling of atomic transitions Gross structureRy Fine structure  2 × Ry HFS structure  2 ×  Nucl /  B × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(  ) Characteristic electron velocity in an atom is  c/n.

Scaling of molecular transitions Electronic transitionsRy Vibrational transitions (m e / m p ) 1/2 × Ry Non-harmonic corrections × F ( (m e / m p ) 1/4 ) Rotational transitions m e / m p × Ry Relativistic corrections × F(  )

Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Gross structure Fine structure HFS structure Relativistic corrections Molecular transitions Electronic transitions Vibrational transitions Rotational transitions Relativistic corrections

Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Gross structure Fine structure HFS structure Relativistic corrections Molecular transitions Electronic transitions Non-harmonic corrections Rotational transitions Relativistic corrections Up to date the most accurate results have been obtained for atomic transitions related to gross and HFS structure. Others are not competitive.

Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Gross structure Fine structure HFS structure Relativistic corrections Molecular transitions Electronic transitions Non-harmonic corrections Rotational transitions Relativistic corrections Up to date the most accurate results have been obtained for atomic transitions related to gross and HFS structure. Others are not competitive. That is not so bad because the relativistic corrections are large. Sometimes – really large. They are ~ (Z  ) 2.

Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Neutral atom (Rb, Cs) Nucleus charge: +Ze Electron core charge -(Z-1)e charge of nucleus + electron core = e Valent electron partly penetrates into core v/c ~  (outside core) v/c ~ Z  (inside core)

Scaling of atomic and molecular transitions Atomic transitions Gross structure Fine structure HFS structure Relativistic corrections Molecular transitions Electronic transitions Non-harmonic corrections Rotational transitions Relativistic corrections Up to date the most accurate results have been obtained for atomic transitions related to gross and HFS structure. Others are not competitive. That is not so bad because the relativistic corrections are large. Sometimes – really large. They are ~ (Z  ) 2.

Best data from frequency measurements Atom Frequency [GHz]  f/f [10 -15 ]  f/  t [Hz/yr] @ H, Opt246606114-8±16MPQ Ca, Opt 45598613-4±5PTB Rb, HFS 6.81(0±5)×10 -6 LPTF Yb +, Opt 6883599-1±3PTB Yb +, HFS 12.673(4±4) ×10 -4 NML Hg +, Opt106472190±7NIST

Best data from frequency measurements

More even better data from frequency measurements

NIST: quantum logics & direct comparison between two optical clocks

More even better data from frequency measurements 1D optical lattice

Best data from frequency measurements

A `direct’ measurement

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  )

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) and thus d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt.

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca (PTB), Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Calcium (NIST), aluminum ion (NIST), strontium ion (NPL) and neutral strontium (Tokyo, JILA, LNE-SYRTE) and mercury (LNE- SYRTE) and octupole Yb + (NPL) are coming.

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca, Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(  )/d ln 

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements of optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Ca, Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS. Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(  )/d ln 

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr +, Sr, Hg, Al + and octupole Yb + are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(  )/d 

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr +, Sr, Hg, Al + and octupole Yb + are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(  )/d  Sr +, Sr, Ca, Al + octupole Yb + Hg

Progress in  variations since the 1 st ACFC meeting (June 2003) Method: f = C 0 × c Ry × F(  ) d ln{f}/dt = d ln{cRy}/dt + A × d ln  /dt. Measurements: Optical transitions in Hg + (NIST), H (MPQ), Yb + (PTB) versus Cs HFS; Ca, Sr +, Sr, Hg, Al + and octupole Yb + are coming Calculation of relativistic corrections (Flambaum, Dzuba): A = d lnF(  )/d 

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton.

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental.

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. However, we badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check.

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. However, we badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. The next step can be done with the help of the Schmidt model.

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. We badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. The next step can be done with the help of the Schmidt model. The model is not quite reliable and the constraints are model dependent.

Further constraints Model independent constraints can be reached for variations of , {Ry}, and certain nuclear magnetic moments in units the Bohr magneton. Those are not fundamental. We badly need a universal presentation of all data for a cross check. The next step can be done with the help of the Schmidt model. The model is not quite reliable and the constraints are model dependent. However: Nothing is better! However: Nothing is better!

Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants XVariation d lnX/dtModel  (– 0.3±2.0)×10 -15 yr -1 -- {c Ry} (– 2.1±3.1)×10 -15 yr -1 -- m e /m p (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model p/ep/ep/ep/e (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gpgpgpgp (– 0.1±0.5)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gngngngn (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 Schmidt model

Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants XVariation d lnX/dtModel  (– 0.3±2.0)×10 -15 yr -1 -- {c Ry} (– 2.1±3.1)×10 -15 yr -1 -- m e /m p (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model p/ep/ep/ep/e (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gpgpgpgp (– 0.1±0.5)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gngngngn (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 Schmidt model At present:  {c Ry} dlnX/dt for  and {c Ry} are improved substantially:

From talk by Ekkehard Peik at Leiden-2009 workshop

Current laboratory constraints on variations of constants XVariation d lnX/dtModel  (– 0.3±2.0)×10 -15 yr -1 -- {c Ry} (– 2.1±3.1)×10 -15 yr -1 -- m e /m p (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±6.2)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model p/ep/ep/ep/e (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 (2.9±5.8)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gpgpgpgp (– 0.1±0.5)×10 -15 yr -1 Schmidt model gngngngn (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 (3±3) ×10 -14 yr -1 Schmidt model

Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 10 15 per a year; a non- transperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 10 10 yr.

What are astrophysical data from? Quasars produce light from very remote past. Travelling to us the light cross delute clouds. We study absorbsion lines. The lines are redshifted. To identify lines we compare various ratios; they should match the laboratory values. The ratios are sensitive to value of a, m e /m p and  e /  p in different ways. Small departures from the present-day laboratory results are analized as a possible systematic effect due to a variation of fundamental constant.

Julian A. King et al., arXiv:1202.4758

Consequences for atomic clocks (from Victor Flambaum) Sun moves 369 km/s relative to CMB cos  towards area with larger   This gives average laboratory variation      cos  per year Earth moves 30 km/s relative to Sun-  1.6 10 -20  cos(  t  annual modulation

Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 10 15 per a year; a non- transperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 10 10 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of  ; contradictions at level of 1×10 -17 per a year; separation: 10 9 yr.

What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV.

What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. Just in case: Myr = mega-year Gyr = giga-year meV = milli-electron-volt

What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 has a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV.

What is `Oklo´? Some time ago French comission for atomic energy reported on reduction of amount of U-235: the U-deposites (1972) in Oklo (Gabon, West Africa) contains 0.705% instead of 0.712%. The interpretation was a fossil natural nuclear reactor. It happens because 2 Gyr ago the uranium was `enriched´. That was so-called water-water reactor. The operation lasts from 0.5 to 1.5 Myr. The fission produces Sm isotopes and Sm-149 a neutron-capture resonance at 97.3 meV. In 1976 Shlyachter suggested to examine Sm isotopes to test variation of the constants.

Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 10 15 per a year; a non- transperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 10 10 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of  ; contradictions at level of 1×10 -17 per a year; separation: 10 9 yr. Laboratory (HFS incl.): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; involvment of the Schmidt model; access to g n ; time separation ~ 10 yr.

Various constraints Astrophysics: contradictions at level of 1 part in 10 15 per a year; a non- transperant statistical evaluation of the data; time separation: 10 10 yr. Geochemistry (Oklo & Co): a model-dependent evaluation of data; based on a single element (Oklo); a simplified interpretation in terms of  ; contradictions at level of 1×10 -17 per a year; separation: 10 9 yr. Laboratory (HFS incl.): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; involvment of the Schmidt model; access to g n ; time separation ~ 10 yr. Laboratory (opt. + Cs): particular experiments which may be checked; recent and continuing progress; model- independence; access only to  and {cRy}; reliability; time separation ~ 1-3-10 yr.

Acknowledgments No fundamental constants have been hurt during preparation of this talk. Neither their variations in the Earth area have been reported to any scientific authority.

AC Fundamental Constants Savely G Karshenboim Pulkovo observatory (St. Petersburg) and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (Garching)

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AC Fundamental Constants Savely G Karshenboim Pulkovo observatory (St. Petersburg) and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (Garching)

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Presentation on theme: "AC Fundamental Constants Savely G Karshenboim Pulkovo observatory (St. Petersburg) and Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (Garching)"— Presentation transcript:

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