1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Mr. Stahl
Biology

2. Review of ATP- Section 4.1

3. Molecule Type
Energy
Details
5. Carbohydrate
4 cal / mg
36 ATP from glucose
Most common molecule broken down to make ATP
6. Lipid hi mrs stahl
9 cal / mg
146 ATP from triglycerides
Stores most of the energy in people
7. Protein
Infrequently broken down by cells to make ATP- used for other important bodily processes.

4. Chemosynthesis
Process through which some organisms use chemicals as a source of energy to build carbon based molecules.
Ex- Deep sea hydrothermal vents hi mrs stahl

5. Functions of Photosynthesis
1. Biochemical Process
2. Plant Cells only
3. Plant growth and development
4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose
5. Helps regulate the Earth’s environment
6. Removes CO2 from the air

6. Chloroplast-the organelle photosynthesis occurs in
Three main parts are:
Grana- stacks of coined shaped membranes.

7. Thylakoid Little disks inside the grana.
They contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments.
Photosystems- light collecting units. They are proteins that organize chlorophyll and help create NADPH and ATP

8. Stroma Fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast.
Calvin cycle occurs here

9. Photosynthesis
Process of using sunlight as energy to make carbon compounds (glucose) to make food.
Occurs in the chloroplast
Two processes: Light dependent reactions and Light independent reactions

11. Chlorophyll- the molecule in the chloroplast that absorbs the energy from the sunlight.
Chlorophyll a- main photosynthetic pigment. Absorbs reds and violets and reflects greens and yellows.
Chlorophyll b- accessory pigment. Absorbs blues and red / oranges and reflects greens and yellows.
Green color in plants comes from the reflection of light’s green wavelengths by chlorophyll.

12. Don’t have to put this in your notes!!! Just a little fun fact!
Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions.
When chlorophyll breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments in leaves show through.

13. Fall Foliage

14. So let’s begin
The sunlight hits the leaves and CO2 is let in through the stomata (little pores) while H2O is let in through the roots.

15. 1st Light Dependent Reactions or Light Reactions Requires sunlight
Photosynthesis is broken down into two different reactions!!!
1st
Light Dependent Reactions or Light Reactions
Requires sunlight
Take place in thylakoids
Water and sunlight are needed
Chlorophyll absorbs energy
Energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions
Oxygen is released

16. Light Independent Reactions
Uses the energy (ATP and NADPH) transferred from the light dependent reactions to make sugars.
Reactions occur in the stroma
Does NOT require sunlight
Carbon dioxide is absorbed and used at this stage.
Calvin Cycle- metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.

17. 4. Thylakoid contains chlorophyll
Photosynthesis: Process through which light energy is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy.
2. Sunlight
1. Chloroplast
4. Thylakoid contains chlorophyll
Energy carrying molecules- ATP and NADPH
3. Water
Oxygen
Sugar (glucose)
Carbon Dioxide
Calvin Cycle

18. Equation

19. Calvin Cycle

20. Questions to review 1. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
2. Where do the light independent reactions occur?
3. What two reactants are shown entering the chloroplast?
4. What two products are shown leaving the chloroplast?
5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

21. Answers 1. Thylakoid membrane 2. Stroma 3. Water and carbon dioxide
4. Oxygen and sugar
5. Sugar- converts CO2 into sugar

22. Videos

23. Draw into notes!
Now that we have a brief overview let’s look at it in a little more detail.

24. Description Note sheet 4.3 1
Step
Description Note sheet 4.3 1
Sunlight and water enters the chloroplast and goes into the thylakoid membrane. Photosystem II absorbs the light and uses it to split water into H+ ions, electrons, and O2. The O2 is given off as a waste product for heterotrophs to breathe. 2
High energy electrons from photosystem II move through the Electron Transport Chain (ETC- like a highway) to Photosystem I. Enzymes (NADP+) in the membrane use the electrons to make NADPH, which will be used in the Calvin Cycle. 3
Inside of the membrane fills up with H+ ions making it positively charged and the outside is negatively charged. The difference in charges provides the energy to make ATP. H+ ions are really important! 4
H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly so they have to go through a big protein called ATP synthase, which rotates like a wheel. As it turns it binds ADP and a phosphate together to form ATP. 5
ATP and NADPH are produced and ready to be used in the Calvin Cycle / Light Independent Reactions.

26. Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma
1. CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and an enzyme called RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco) breaks down the carbon into a usable, organic form (carbon fixation).

27. 2. The six-carbon molecule binds and utilizes a series of enzymes and energy is added. ATP and NADPH is used from LDR to split the six carbons into 2 groups of 3, and to keep the cycle going (reduction).
3. Three carbon molecules exit and some are sent to the next step. After they both exit they bond together to form glucose.
4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and changed back to five carbon molecules by energy from ATP. It takes two turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 molecule of glucose.

28. RuBP

29. Videos

30. Review Questions 1. Where do the electrons come from in the ETC?
2. What role do these electrons play?
3. What two energy carriers are produced?
4. When does active transport take place?
5. What enzyme speeds up the process?

31. 6. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions occur?
7. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from for the light independent reactions?
8. What does the LDR make? What does the LIR make?
9. How many cycles or turns does it take to make one glucose molecule?
10. What enzyme is used in the Calvin Cycle to bind with CO2 to “fix” it?

32. Answers 1. Chlorophyll- photosystem II and I
2. Provide energy to move hydrogen ions into the thylakoid and to produce molecules of NADPH
3. NADPH and ATP
4. Step 3 when hydrogen ions are transported
5. ATP synthase
6. Stroma
7. LDR
8. LDR= makes ATP, LIR= makes sugars
9. 2
10. Rubisco

33. Write the Equation for Photosynthesis
Let’s Summarize
Write the Equation for Photosynthesis
Process
Location
Reactants
Ending Products
Light Dependent Reactions
Where the photosystems take place.
Light Independent Reactions.
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place

34. Let’s Summarize 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Process Location
Reactants
Ending Products
Light Dependent Reactions
Where the photosystems take place.
Thylakoid Membrane
Sunlight
H2O
ATP
NADPH O2
Light Independent Reactions.
Where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Stroma
CO2
Glucose C6H12O6

35. Videos

36. Now we take photosynthesis and see how HUMANS and other organisms use it through a process called Cellular Respiration.

37. By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million breaths
FUN FACT!

38. Cellular Respiration!!
Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present.
Notes 4.4

39. Animals use cellular respiration
Plants use photosynthesis
Breakdown food-> ATP
Aerobic-> Need Oxygen
Anaerobic= no oxygen
Takes place in the Mitochondria

40. 2 Stages
Stage 1= Krebs Cycle
Stage 2= Electron Transport

41. Cellular Respiration Equation

42. Glycolysis happens first in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis happens first in the cytoplasm. Glucose gets broken down into 2-3 carbon chains. Produces 2 ATP

43. Glycolysis Note Sheet 4.5 Ongoing process in all cells
Location = cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria
Anaerobic
Makes a small number of ATP molecules = 2 ATP
Series of reactions converts the three-carbon molecules to pyruvate / pyruvic acid.
Pyruvate and NADH are used for cellular respiration.
Note Sheet 4.5

44. Glycolysis
Draw into your notes!

45. A little extra, no need to copy.
What is pyruvate?
Our bodies actually make it naturally during metabolism and when we digest sugars and starches. It is crucial for the Kreb’s cycle in cellular respiration.
A little extra, no need to copy.

46. energy from glycolysis
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and

47. Step 1
Pyruvate is broken down into 2 carbon molecules and CO2 is released as a waste product.
NADH is produced

48. Step 2
Coenzyme A bonds to the 2 carbon molecule made from pyruvate and enters the Kreb’s Cycle.
No need to write: Acetyl-CoA is one of the most important molecules in the body because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and proteins) generate it when they break down. This molecule is produced in large amounts and is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the body is in need of energy, or into synthesis of fat to be stored for later use.

49. Step 3
Citric Acid is formed- the two carbon molecule binds with a four carbon molecule to make a six carbon molecule which is called citric acid.

50. Step 4 Citric acid is broken down NADH is made
CO2 is given off as a waste product.

51. Step 5 Five carbon molecule is broken down
Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH are formed.
NADH leaves the Krebs cycle
2 ATP are produced

52. Step 6 Four carbon molecules are rearranged
High energy electrons are released
NADH and FADH2 (electron carrier) are made

53. Krebs Cycle
Main function- transfer high energy electrons to molecules that carry them to the ETC
Occurs in the matrix of mitochondria
Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
Step 7 on your diagram

54. One Molecule of Pyruvate makes these products:
3 molecules of CO2 have been given off
1 molecule of ATP
4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETC

55. If Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate, how much of each product do we have????

56. Answer 6 molecules of CO2 have been given off 2 molecules of ATP
8 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
2 molecules of FADH2 to the ETC

58. Electron Transport Chain
Takes place along the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Made up of proteins
Proteins use energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against the gradient (active transport)

59. Step 1
Proteins take electrons: 2 NADH and 1 FADH2.

60. Step 2
Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump the hydrogen ions through the inner membrane and the hydrogen ions build up on the inside of the membrane.

61. Step 3 ATP is produced Flow of hydrogen ions helps make the ATP
ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to ADP to make the ATP molecules.
For each pair of electrons that passes through 3 ATP molecules are made.

62. Step 4 Oxygen enters and water is formed.
Water is given off as a waste product

63. End Result / Products of Cellular Respiration
CO2 and pyruvate (from Kreb’s)
H2O from the ETC
Net gain of about ATP molecules are made from 1 glucose molecule->
2 glycolysis
2 from Kreb’s Cycle
32-34 from the ETC

64. Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Location
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
Products
Electron Transport Chain
Proteins within the thylakoid membrane
Proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane
Cycle of chemical reaction
Calvin cycle in the stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar molecules.
Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon based molecules.

65. What happens to your cells when there isn’t enough oxygen to keep cellular respiration going?

67. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs when oxygen is unavailable
Causes your muscles to be sore / burn
When oxygen is available your cells return to using cellular respiration and the lactic acid is broken down / removed. This is why you breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a few minutes to recover because your body is trying to recover from the oxygen depletion in your muscle cells.

68. Alcoholic Fermentation
Forms the same way as the other two: Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose to make 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH molecules.
Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough to rise
End product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcohol

69. Fermentation is used in food production.
Yogurt
Cheese
Bread