1. Computer Graphics 2 In the name of God

2. Outline Introduction 1.References 2.Evaluation |Introduction to Virtual Reality History of Virtual Reality Application Virtual reality and virtual Environment VR devices Some example

3. References(1) J. D. Foley, A.Van Dom, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes, Computer Graphics Principle and practice, Addison Wesley, 1994. J. D. Foley, A.Van Dom, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes, R.Philips, Introduction to computer Graphics, Addison Wesely,1990.

4. References(2) 1.M. Maentylat, Solid Modeling, Computer Science press, Rockville, 1988. 2. D.Roger and J.A. Adams, Mathematical Elements For Computer Graphics, Mc Graw Hill 1979,New York. 3. A. Watt, M.Watt, Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques, Theory and Practice, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1994. 4. J. White, Designing 3D Graphics: How to create Real time 3D Models For Games and Virtual Reality, John Wiley and sons. 5. J. D. Foley, A.Van Dom, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes, Computer Graphics Principle and practice C Version), Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.

5. Evaluation Midterm & Attendance 5 Marks Final Exam 10 Marks Programming Assignment 5 Marks (Below 6 on the final exam means students have failed the course, despite full marks on midterm and programming assignment.)

6. Aims Introduce basic graphics concepts and terminology Base for development computer graphics programmes OpenGL C ProgrammingLiner Algebra

7. Introduction Virtual reality Computer graphics (Photo realistic rendering, Non photo realistic rendering) Image processing image

8. Interactive Computer Graphics User Application Screen input image

9. VR Overview VR one of hottest research and development areas in computer industry today. VR not new technology, development dates back almost 50 years (first flight simulators during World War II). Potential applications: from medical imaging and interior design to intercontinental videoconferencing and exploration of future worlds. VR often thought of as new technology, but development dates back almost 50 years to flight simulators built by aircraft industry and U.S. Air Force during and after World War II.

10. Triangle of Virtual Reality Immersion Real time Interaction Immersion : Feeling to be in the 3D Virtual Space. Interaction : Possibility of moving in the 3D space and manipulate objects Real Time : Actions can immediately modify the state of the space.

11. History of Virtual Reality(1) Student pilots learned how to manoeuvre airplanes by manipulating controls in specially built airplane cockpits, removed from airplanes themselves, and mounted on movable platforms that tilted and rolled based on pilot's actions on controls. VR's future also influenced by film techniques in cinema, and several wide- screen systems that Hollywood filmmakers were experimenting with during the early 1950's. First Link Simulator 1929

12. History of Virtual Reality(2) CINERAMA Cinerama, best-known of these technologies by filling a larger portion of audience's visual field. 3 cameras, shooting from slightly different angles, used to film each scene in Cinerama movie. Film then synchronized and projected onto 3 large screens that curved inward, wrapping around audience's peripheral visual field. Technology proved too costly to be embraced by most commercial theaters, but theory of visual immersion becomes an important VR element ?

13. History of Virtual Reality(4) In the 1960s Raymond Goertz at Argonne National Laboratory in Argonne, Illinois demonstrated early versions of HMDs. Displaying images from remote, closed-circuit cameras, these were used for viewing inside "hot cells" where radioactive materials were handled experimentally or processed in small batches for use in nuclear power and medicine.

14. History of Virtual Reality(3) Sensorama in 1962, Sensorama: simulation of sensory experiences of a motorcycle ride by combining 3D movies, stereo sound, wind, and aromas.

15. History of Virtual Reality(5) The Aspen Movie Map developed by group of researchers including Scott Fisher at MIT showed video images of Aspen, Colorado visitors could actually navigate by indicating their choices on touch-sensitive display screen

16. History of Virtual Reality(6) NASA Mid-1980's: different technologies converged to create first true VR system. Researchers at NASA' s Ames Research Center charged with creating affordable pilot training system for manned space missions. People involved: Scott Fisher, Stephen Ellis, Michael McGreevy, and Warren Robinett. efforts led to development of Virtual Interface Environment Workstation. first system combined such standard VR elements as computer graphics and video imaging, sound, voice recognition and synthesis, and HMD.

17. History of Virtual Reality(7) NASA (2) data glove, based on invention designed to play air guitar, completed the system. 1984: Mike McGreevy and Jim Humphries originators of VIVED (VIrtual Visual Environment Display). They evaluated potential of monochrome HMD system for future astronauts. Later, VIEW (Virtual Interactive Environment Workstation) project developed general-purpose, multi_sensory, personal simulator and telepresence device. VIVED

18. History of Virtual Reality(5) Today In recent years, VR devices have improved dramatically as result of various technological advances. Computers more powerful, higher memory capacity, smaller, and cost less than in the past. These developments + advent of small LCD displays that can be used in HMDs, have made it possible for scientists to develop VR simulations.

19. Flight simulators(1) Development of flight simulators has made very significant contributions to development of VR. Much of technology needed for VR developed for military flight simulators. Advanced fighter cockpit where fighter pilot wore HMD that augmented out window view with graphics. Graphics included identification, targeting information, threat information (e.g. ground based missile sites) and optimal flight path information

20. Flight simulators(2) Cockpits real with their instruments, joysticks, levers, switches, buttons, sliders. Each instrument possess individual mechanical characteristics. Pilots constrained to floor-mounted chairs, and during take-off and landing scenarios, restrained by seat belts. It would be ridiculous to build all instruments and chairs in virtual world.

21. Flight simulators(3) fighter pilot operating under extremely high stress levels (both cognitive and physical), yet has to process masses of data. Unfortunately, commercial flight simulators cost millions of dollars each. For VR, we must achieve similar exactness at a tiny fraction of the cost.

22. Introduction to Virtual Environment A technology which is capable of shifting a subject into a different environment without physically moving him/her. the subject's sensory organs are manipulated in perceived environment is associated with the desired Virtual Environment (VE) and not with the physical one. The manipulation process is controlled by a computer model based on the physical description of the VE.

23. Virtual Reality (VR) & Virtual Environments (VEs) VR known as a new dimension in man-machine communication that combines real-time computer graphics and direct interaction in 3D space. VEs must improve man machine communication VEs should allow better and faster understanding of even complex applications and provide means for operations and control.

24. CAVE The CAVE is a surround-screen, surround sound, projection-based VR system. The illusion of immersion is created by projecting 3D computer graphics into a 3mx3mx2.7m cube composed of display screens that completely surround the viewer. It is coupled with head and hand tracking systems. A sound system provides audio feedback.

25. Virtual Reality(1) The term "immersion" is a description of a technology, which can be achieved to varying degrees. For example, a head-mounted display with wide field of view, and at least head tracking would be essential. The degree of immersion is increased by adding additional, and consistent modalities, greater degree of body tracking, richer body representations, decreased lag between body movements and resulting changes in sensory data, and so on.

26. Virtual Reality(2) immersion as the feeling of a VR user, that his VE is real. Analogously to Turing's definition of artificial intelligence: if the user cannot tell, which reality is "real", and which one is "virtual", then the computer generated one is immersive. A high degree of immersion is equivalent to a realistic VE.

27. Virtual Reality(3) Presence is the psychological sense of "being there" in the environment based on the technologically founded immersive base. However, any given immersive system does not necessarily always lead presence for all people.

28. Virtual Reality Devices(1) Hand measurement devices must sense both the flexing angles of the fingers and the position and orientation of the wrist in real-time. The first commercial hand measurement device was the DataGlove from VPL Research. The DataGlove consists of a lightweight nylon glove with optical sensors mounted along the fingers.

29. Virtual Reality Devices(2) VR devices Cyber Grasp

30. Virtual Reality Devices(3) 3D Mouse and SpaceBall Some people have tried to extend the concept of the mouse to 3-D. These are used to track the receiver position, orientation and movement. It provides proportional output in all 6 degrees of freedom: X, Y, Z, Pitch, Yaw, and Roll.

31. Virtual Reality Devices(4) SpaceBall® 2. Logitech 3D mouse 1. Space Ball

32. Virtual Reality Devices(5) VR devices Use of CyberTouch Head Mounted Diplay

33. VR Example(1)

34. VR Example(2)

35. Virtual Reality Applications VR may offer enormous benefits to many different applications areas. One main reason why it has attracted so much interest. VR currently used to explore and manipulate experimental data in ways that were not possible before.

36. Examples

37. Vehicle Simulation for Security

38. VR for Psychotherapy With advent of realistic virtual humans, possible to recreate situations in VE, immersing real patient into virtual scenes,

39. Fear of heights (acrophobia) One of the very common phobias is the fear of heights. People are having extreme reactions on the very notion of heights. Whereas in the real world it is difficult to control the surrounding and the height the patient is exposed to, VR enables a therapist and a patient to achieve the complete control of the virtual world.

40. Fear of spiders (arachnophobia) created at the University of Washington After identifying a phobic patient, Spider World was created by placing virtual spiders in the virtual kitchen. Prior to treatment, the patient had been clinically phobic for nearly 20 years and had acquired a number of spider-related obsessive compulsive behaviors. During VR therapy, the patient was sometimes encouraged to pick up the virtual spider and/or web with her cyber hand and place it in orientations that were most anxiety provoking.