1. U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Policy and Modernization China Executive Management Development Training (EMDT) MITRE, McLean, VA 25 July 2006 Michael Shaw Director U.S. National Space-based PNT Coordination Office

2. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 2 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance Next-Generation GPS U.S. Policy International Cooperation

3. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 3 Space Based PNT is GPS plus its augmentations GPS is a space-based radio-navigation system –Satellites broadcast precise and synchronized time signals and data to allow users to estimate their position, velocity, and time Augmentations improve GPS performance What is Space Based PNT and GPS?

4. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 4 The Global Positioning System Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies Two types of signals: –Standard (free of direct user fees) –Precise (U.S. and Allied military) Three segments: –Space –Ground control –User equipment

5. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 5 Operational Control Segment Facilities Master Control Station FAIRBANKS USNO WASH D.C. NEW ZEALAND ECUADOR ARGENTINA ENGLAND BAHRAIN SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH KOREA COLORADO SPRINGS VANDENBERG, AFB HAWAII GAITHERSBURG CAPE CANAVERAL ASCENSION DIEGO GARCIA KWAJALEIN TAHITI AUSTRALIA Alternate Master Control Station (AMCS) Ground Antenna (GA) Monitor Station (MS)National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Tracking Station Master Control Station (MCS) Backup Master Control Station (BUMCS)

6. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 6 U.S. Augmentations Nationwide Differential GPS Wide Area Augmentation System Local Area Augmentation System Continuously Operating Reference Stations

7. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 7 International Augmentations Differential GPS Networks International GNSS Service Space-Based Augmentation Systems Global Differential GPS System

8. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 8 Commercial GPS Applications Span A Wide Range of Economic Activities Satellite Operations Communications Network Synchronization Communications Network Synchronization Surveying & Mapping Surveying & Mapping Fishing & Boating Fishing & Boating Offshore Drilling Offshore Drilling Recreation Trucking & Shipping Trucking & Shipping Personal Navigation Personal Navigation Aviation Railroads Power Grid Management Power Grid Management

9. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 9 ―Navigation -- Aircraft, land vehicles, ships, & satellites) – Precise timing – Surveying – Map making – Science – Hiking – Driving – Flying – Cell phones (e.g. e 911 services) – Farming – Boating – Fishing – Tracking wildlife – Atmospheric/Space weather – Visually impaired – Computer security – Games Example Applications

10. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 10 New Commercial Applications Are Developed Every Day Open pit mining Child safety Automatic snowplow guidance Spacecraft control Power grid management Wireless mobile applications

11. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 11 GPS is a Global Public Service Free access to civilian signals –One-way broadcast, like FM radio Public domain documentation –Anyone can develop user equipment Worldwide utility providing consistent, predictable, dependable performance –Critical component of global information infrastructure Owned and operated by the U.S. Government –Paid for by U.S. taxpayers –Guided at a national level as multi-use asset –Acquired and operated by Air Force on behalf of USG Available Now—Empowering the Future

12. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 12 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance Next-Generation GPS U.S. Policy International Cooperation

13. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 13 GPS – How does it work? GPS receiver uses signal from at least four satellites to “triangulate” its position in space Receiver knows several pieces of information: –Location of satellites –Time satellite sent data –Time it received data –Velocity data travels to receiver Using this information, the receiver calculates its distance from the satellite and ultimately its position on the Earth

14. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 How GPS Works ReceiverReceiver 1 ON 3 menu 2 Rockwell 4 5 6 7 WPT 8 POS 9 NAV CLR MARK 0 OFF NUM LOCK FIX FOM 1 N 42* 01” 46.12” W 091* 38’ 54.36” EL + 00862 ft ZEROIZE Time & Orbit Position Calculates 3-Dimensional Location and Time Time & Orbit Position

15. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 15 Location Determination 3D example Intersection of two spheres is a circle

16. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 16 Location Determination 3D example Intersection of three spheres is two pointsThe receiver dismisses the point located in space, leaving only one possible position on the earth

17. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 17 So Why Do We Need 4 Satellites? 4 sec. 6 sec. 5 sec. 7 sec. 6 sec. With receiver’s “inaccurate” clock—need 4 If receiver had built in atomic clock—need 3 4 th satellite measurement allows receiver to solve for 4 th unknown (correction factor)

18. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 18 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance Next-Generation GPS U.S. Policy International Cooperation

19. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 19 Constellation Status 16 Block II/IIA satellites 12 Block IIR satellites –Modernizing 8 remaining Block IIR satellites 1 Block IIR-M satellite –Transmitting new second civil signal Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need –Next launch: September 2006 29 Operational Satellites (Baseline Constellation: 24) 29 Operational Satellites (Baseline Constellation: 24)

20. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 20 GPS IIR-11 20 Mar 04 50 th GPS Satellite Providing worldwide position, navigation & timing GPS IIR-12 23 Jun 04 GPS IIR-13 06 Nov 04 Recent Launches GPS IIR-14(M) 25 Sep 05 1 st Modernized GPS Satellite

21. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 21 Civil GPS Performance Standard U.S. commitments to civil GPS performance are documented in the GPS Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard (2001) In support of the service availability standard, 24 operational satellites must be available on orbit with 0.95 probability (averaged over any day). At least 21 satellites in the 24 nominal plane/slot positions must be set healthy and transmitting a navigation signal with 0.98 probability (yearly averaged). System accuracy far exceeds current standard

22. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 22 Improving GPS Performance with Augmentations Augmentations enhance GPS accuracy, monitor integrity –Sub-centimeter accuracy for geodesy, geology, etc. –2-5 cm accuracy for real-time positioning, surveying, etc. –<3 m vertical accuracy with 6 second time to alarm for aviation.

23. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 23 U.S. Federal Aviation Administration developed the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to provide necessary accuracy, integrity, and availability to support flight operations during all phases of flight Based on observations from January to March 2006. Results are valid when the Localizer Approach with Vertical Guidance (LPV) service is available. During this time frame, LPV was available 98% to 99% of the time. GPS Performance with WAAS Augmented GPS fulfills rigorous user needs today Performance Standard Representative Performance Best Site Accuracy Horizontal 95% Vertical 95% 2.5 m m.677 m.914 m Worst Site Accuracy Horizontal 95% Vertical 95% 2.5 m m 1.078 m 1.574 m

24. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 24 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance GPS Modernization U.S. Policy International Cooperation

25. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 25 Benefits of GPS Modernization For all users –System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, and reliability –Backward compatibility For civil users –Higher standalone accuracy –Robustness against interference –Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use –Interoperability with other GNSS constellations For military –Enhances navigation warfare Maintains international competitiveness

26. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 26 Block IIA/IIRBlock IIIBlock IIR-M, IIF Backward compatibility 4th civil signal (L1C) Increased accuracy Increased anti-jam power Assured availability Navigation surety Controlled integrity Increased security System survivability IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus 2nd civil signal (L2C) M-Code (L1M & L2M) IIF: IIR-M capability plus 3rd civil signal (L5) Anti-jam flex power Basic GPS Standard Service –Single frequency (L1) –Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation Precise Service –Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y) –Y-Code navigation Increasing System Capabilities  Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit GPS Modernization Program

27. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 27 Second Civil Signal Designed to meet commercial needs Freely available since Dec 2005 –Currently on 1 satellite –Will be on all future satellites Expected to generate over $5 billion in user productivity benefits Increases accuracy for consumers Benefits existing professional receivers Supports miniaturization, possible indoor use

28. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 28 Third Civil Signal Designed to meet demanding requirements for transport safety May also enable global, centimeter-level accuracy using new techniques Opportunity for international interoperability

29. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 29 Fourth Civil Signal Designed with international partners for interoperability Modernized civil signal at L1 frequency –Original signal retained for backward compatibility More robust navigation across a broad range of user applications Improved performance in challenged tracking environments Under trees Inside cities

30. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 30 GPS III Next-generation satellites are needed to accommodate increasing capabilities Civil benefits –Provides operational capability for L2C and L5 In combination with GPS IIR-M and IIF satellites –Delivers L1C for interoperability with Galileo, QZSS –Significant increase in system accuracy –Improved availability of accuracy with integrity Revised acquisition strategy –Spiral development approach to reduce risk, increase flexibility –Separate contracts for space and ground segments to ensure best technology and most efficient implementation

31. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 31 GPS III Proposed Accuracy Draft System Specifications Includes the effects of receivers –Threshold = low-cost/low-performance receiver –Objective = high-cost/high-performance receiver ACCURACY (95%)THRESHOLDOBJECTIVE Horizontal2.5 m0.5 m Vertical4.5 m1.1 m Timing5.7 ns1.3 ns

32. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 32 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance Next-Generation GPS U.S. Policy International Cooperation

33. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 33 U.S. Policy History 1983: President Reagan offers free civilian access to GPS 1996: GPS declared a dual-use system under joint civil/military management 1997: Congress passes law requiring civil GPS to be provided free of direct user fees 2004: President Bush issues new U.S. policy on space-based PNT

34. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 34 Policy Objectives Provide space-based civil PNT services free of direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide basis Open, free access to information needed to use civil GPS and its augmentations Improve performance of GPS and its augmentations - improving global services –Ensure civil services exceed, or are at least equivalent to, those of other international civil space-based PNT services –Improve resistance to interference for civil, commercial, homeland security, and scientific users Seek to ensure that international PNT systems are interoperable with GPS and its augmentations –Or, at a minimum, are compatible

35. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 35 Organizational Structure WHITE HOUSE NATIONAL SPACE-BASED PNT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation NATIONAL SPACE-BASED PNT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA Defense Transportation State Commerce Homeland Security NASA Joint Chiefs of Staff COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce

36. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 36 Overview What is Space Based PNT and GPS How GPS and Its Augmentations Work GPS Performance Next-Generation GPS U.S. Policy International Cooperation

37. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 37 Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) Expanding Sep 2005 – 2 nd civil GPS signal Dec 2005 –first Galileo test satellite Dec 2005 –3 GLONASS satellites This year – European EGNOS operational Japan preparing for MSAS ops in 2007 and QZSS India moving forward with GAGAN and IRNS China Beidou, Compass Interoperability key to seamless global operations

38. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 38 U.S. Cooperation Strategy Provide civil GPS and augmentation services free of direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide basis Provide open, free access to information needed to develop equipment Improve performance of civil GPS and augmentations to meet or exceed that of international systems Encourage international development of PNT systems based on GPS Seek to ensure international systems are interoperable with civil GPS and augmentations –Or at a minimum, are compatible Address mutual security concerns with international providers to prevent hostile use Outlined in 2004 Presidential policy on space-based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT)

39. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 39 U.S. GPS Cooperation Ongoing cooperation with Europe, Japan, Russia –Compatibility and interoperability –National security –Level playing field in global markets Seeking formal relations with Australia, India, Brazil Multilateral cooperation –U.N. International Committee on GNSS –ICAO, IMO, NATO

40. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 40 Europe In 2004, United States and European Community signed historic agreement on GPS-Galileo cooperation –Recognizes importance of compatibility/interoperability for all parties Agreed to spectrally separate signals for military, civilian, and public regulated services Agreed to implement a common, open, civil signal on both Galileo and GPS III, free of direct user fees Working groups established to continue dialogue: –Compatibility & Interoperability –Trade & Commercial Applications –Next-Generation GNSS –Security Issues June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit in Ireland (U.S. Sec. of State Colin Powell, Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)

41. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 41 Japan World’s largest consumer of GPS technology U.S.-Japan cooperation began in 1998 –Initially focused on interoperability with MSAS, Japan’s GEO-based augmentation system –Promotes common principles such as free market access –Annual plenary meetings, technical working groups Current focus is on Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) –Regional system to complement, augment GPS over Japan –Will improve performance in urban canyons and mountains –Will freely broadcast GPS L1C, L2C, L5 signals –GPS-QZSS interoperability achieved MT-SAT used for MSAS

42. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 42 Russia Cooperation started in 2004 Working groups are pursuing GPS- GLONASS interoperability –Enhanced PNT through combined service –Combined search and rescue capabilities Currently pursuing formal cooperation agreement GLONASS satellite

43. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 43 International Committee on GNSS Multilateral group chartered through United Nations –First meeting: December 2005 Purpose: Promote use of GNSS to improve efficiency and security of transport, search & rescue, geodesy, etc., particularly in developing countries –Coordination among providers to improve compatibility and interoperability –Assistance to developing countries in integration of PNT services –Focal point for international information exchange –Forum for addressing future user needs

44. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 44 Summary U.S. policy encourages and promotes worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations GPS performance is better than ever and will continue to improve –Augmentations enable high performance today –New GPS signal now available –Many additional upgrades in the future International cooperation is a priority –Compatibility and interoperability are critical –Opportunity for partnership with all nations

45. China Executive Management Development Training 25 July 2006 45 Contact Information Michael E. Shaw, Director National Space-Based PNT Coordination Office Herbert C. Hoover Building, Room 6822 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20230 USA Ph: (202) 482-5809 Fax: (202) 482-4429 Michael.Shaw@PNT.gov Presentation and other GPS information available: www.pnt.gov