1. Flight Simulation: Physics of Aircraft Games Fundamentals © by Jarek Francik Kingston University, London 2012 - 2013

2. photo by Arpingstone, Wikimedia Commons

3. Main Forces on Aircraft Thrust Weight Lift Drag

4. Main Forces on Aircraft Horizontal Forces: Thrust set by Trottle (no formula here)

5. Main Forces on Aircraft Horizontal Forces: Thrust set by Trottle (no formula here) Aerodynamic Drag the same formula was used for car simulation! v – air speed  – mass density of the air const S p – projected frontal area constC d – drag coefficient

6. Main Forces on Aircraft Horizontal Forces: Thrust set by Trottle (no formula here) Aerodynamic Drag the same formula was used for car simulation! v – air speed  – mass density of the air const S p – projected frontal area constC d – drag coefficient Drag coefficient is const but may increase with brakes and flaps

7. Main Forces on Aircraft Vertical Forces: Weight

8. Main Forces on Aircraft Vertical Forces: Weight Lift Force v – air speed  – mass density of the air const S w – wing area const C l – lift coefficient

9. Main Forces on Aircraft Vertical Forces: Weight Lift Force v – air speed  – mass density of the air const S w – wing area const C l – lift coefficient Pilot can control Lift Coefficient

10. Lift Force Aerodynamic Drag S p – projected frontal area C d – drag coefficient Lift Force S w – wing area C l – lift coefficient

11. Lift Force Source: http://www.lytninslinks.net/physics.htmlhttp://www.lytninslinks.net/physics.html

12. Lift Force & Attack Angle FLFL

13. FLFL angle of attack Angle of Attack affects: – Lift Coefficient (Lift Force value) – Lift Force direction

14. Lift Force & Angle Attack STALL image by Botag, Wikimedia Commons

15. Stall Reduction of the Lift Coefficient Occurs when the Critical Attack Angle is exceeded The Critical Angle Attack depends on the speed Two reasons for stall: – too high Angle Attack (typically over 15 o ) – too low speed Very dangerous, used intentionally in some types of aerobatic manoeuvres

16. Stall image by US Federal Government, Wikimedia Commons

17. Flight Control Systems & Manoeuvres photo by Jarek Francik

18. Aircraft Control Pitch Elevator changes Lift Coefficient image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons

19. Aircraft Control Roll Ailerons imposes Angular Momentum on the Wings image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons

20. Aircraft Control Roll Ailerons imposes Angular Momentum on the Wings

21. Aircraft Control Roll Ailerons imposes Angular Momentum on the Wings image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons

22. Aircraft Control Yaw Rudder imposes Angular Momentum on the Tail image: Glen Research Center, NASA, Wikimedia Commons

23. Aircraft Control More: – Flaps: change drag and lift coefficients, most often used to slow down before landing – Air Brakes: significantly change drag coefficients – Landing Gear – not exactly a flight control system, but will normally affect the drag coefficient – Ground Brakes (used to slow down on the runway)

24. Flight Simulator 2D DEMO