1. Typical responses General ration distribution General ration distribution Free distribution of range of food commodities to affected population Free distribution of range of food commodities to affected population 2,100 kcal/d (may be adjusted) 2,100 kcal/d (may be adjusted) Meet immediate food needs Meet immediate food needs Protect/recover livelihoods Protect/recover livelihoods Global humanitarian expenditure: 37.3% on food, 18.5% multi-sectoral, 8.4% health (OCHA, 2007) Global humanitarian expenditure: 37.3% on food, 18.5% multi-sectoral, 8.4% health (OCHA, 2007)

2. Emergency school feeding Food provided either as cooked meal or supplement in school/take home ration Food provided either as cooked meal or supplement in school/take home ration Reduce short-term hunger and micronutrient deficiencies Reduce short-term hunger and micronutrient deficiencies Reduce gender/geographical disparity Reduce gender/geographical disparity Contribute to HH food security Contribute to HH food security Poorest children not at school? Poorest children not at school? No schools in most greatly affected areas? No schools in most greatly affected areas? Children (OVC) taking porridge at school, Zambia, 2005

3. Food for work Wages not paid with money but with food rations to build vital new infrastructure Wages not paid with money but with food rations to build vital new infrastructure Improve household food security Improve household food security Create community assets Create community assets Need physically active HH member Need physically active HH member Anti-flooding operation in Congjin, N Korea that was supported by WFP in Food for Work programme in 2004.

4. Supplementary feeding programmes To reduce prevalence of mild and moderate malnutrition (>10% acute MN in population) To reduce prevalence of mild and moderate malnutrition (>10% acute MN in population) Blended foods targeted at children with mild and moderate MN Blended foods targeted at children with mild and moderate MN ‘Wet’ v ‘dry’ ‘Wet’ v ‘dry’ ‘Blanket’ v ‘targeted ‘Blanket’ v ‘targeted Basic medical care Basic medical care International standards: Death 75%, defaulter 75%, defaulter <15% ENN/Save the Children UK Review and Research ENN/Save the Children UK Review and Research

5. Micronutrient fortification and supplementation Inclusion of nutrient-rich foods, fresh food items, fortified foods, increase ratio size to encourage trade. Products for home fortification or nutrient supplements may be used. Inclusion of nutrient-rich foods, fresh food items, fortified foods, increase ratio size to encourage trade. Products for home fortification or nutrient supplements may be used. To prevent epidemics of micronutrient deficiency disease To prevent epidemics of micronutrient deficiency disease

6. Livelihood Support Cash for work, cash grants, microfinance, Cash for work, cash grants, microfinance, Advantages: Advantages: More rapid implementation More rapid implementation Less logistics Less logistics Beneficiary choice of support means Beneficiary choice of support means Constraints: Constraints: Need functioning markets Need functioning markets Voucher schemes Voucher schemes Milling vouchers, Action Contre la Faim, Dafur, 2008

7. Therapeutic care Therapeutic foods such as F75, F100 and Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods are provided to severely malnourished Therapeutic foods such as F75, F100 and Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods are provided to severely malnourished Inpatient or outpatient care Inpatient or outpatient care Making F100. Tanzania, Field Exchange 32, 2008

8. Inpatient care MSF/Epicentre, Niger. Field Exchange 34, in press.

9. CTC/CMAM