1. Fundamental Physics Research will Power the New Internet
Invited Talk to the
UCSD Physics Department Brown Bag
La Jolla, CA
January 8, 2001
Larry Smarr, Cal-(IT)2

2. Proposed UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology
220 Faculty and Senior Researchers
Layered Structure
Materials and Devices
Networked Infrastructure
Interfaces and Software
Strategic Applications
Policy
New Funding Model (4 Years)
State $100M
Industry $140M
Private $30 M
Campus $30M
Federal $ M
Total $ M
One of Three Awarded

3. The Conceptual Framework of Cal-(IT)2

4. Materials and Devices Team, UCSD
Novel Materials and Devices are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet
Materials and Devices Team, UCSD

5. Components for Assembling Microdevices
Valveless Microfluidics
Mechanical Stress and
Acceleration Sensors
Micro Optical Assemblies
(Lenses and Mirrors)
MEMS structures fabricated and tested at
the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility

6. Nanoelectronics Holds the Promise of Extending Moore’s Law
“Because of the recent rapid and radical progress in molecular electronics – where individual atoms and molecules replace lithographically drawn transistors – and related nanoscale technologies, we should be able to meet or exceed the Moore’s Law rate of progress for another 30 years.”
--Bill Joy, in “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”, Wired April 2000

7. Nanotechnology Blurs the Distinction Between Biology and Physics
50 nanometers
Human Rhinovirus
IBM Quantum Corral
Iron Atoms on Copper

8. Simulation of Semiconductor Laser Diodes
Three Interacting Problems
Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)
Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)
Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction
Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)
Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers
Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register
National Center for Computational Electronics

9. UCSD Cal-(IT)2 Materials and Devices Program
Students and Post Docs
Technical support staff
Faculty
Molecular materials/ devices
Advanced fabrication and characterization facility:
State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis
Chemical/ biological sensors
Materials theory/ simulation
Nanophotonic components
Novel electronic materials
Advanced display materials
GaAs-based low-power MOS
High-speed optical switches
Nanoscale ultralow power electronics
Spintronics
GaN-based microwave transistors
Source: UCSD M&D Group

10. Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center Proposal
Multidisciplinary Team
UCSD Physics (Schuller, Sham, Dynes, Hellman)
UCSD ECE, Chem, Bioeng, MAE, Chem Eng, others
Nanoscale Devices and Systems Architectures
Nanoelectronics
Nanophotonics
Biosystems at the Nanoscale
Nanofabrication by Biomolecular Recognition
Electrochemical Nanofabrication
Light Tweezers
Nanoscale Structures, Novel Phenomena, and Quantum Effects
Nanolithography and Growth
Nanoscale Characterization
Quantum Effects

11. Planned Cal-(IT)2 UCSD Clean Room Facility

12. BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Source: Lyding, Brady

13. Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics
VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :
Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management
Composite nonlinear,
E-O, and artificial dielectric
materials control and
enhance near-field coupling
Near-field coupling between pixels
in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)
FBCGH possesses
dual-functionality
such as focusing
and beam steering
Wavelength ( m m)
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5
Reflectivity
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 TE TM
Information I/O through
surface wave, guided
wave,and optical fiber
from near-field edge and
surface coupling
Near-field E-O
modulator controls
optical properties
and near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect +V -V
Angle (degree) 20 30 40
TM Efficiency
Near-field E-O Modulator
+ micro-cavity
FBCGH
VCSEL
Near-field
E-O coupler
Micro polarizer
Fiber tip
Grating coupler
Thickness (
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
TM 0th order efficiency
RCWA
Transparency Theory
Near-field coupling
3. Nanooptics for Photonic Integrated Chips
Near-field interactions in ADNs provide a variety of functionalities which are critical in optoelectronic systems and packaging. For example: nanostructured polarization optics can be readily incorporated with VCSEL technology for polarization control and mode stabilization; near field programmable diffractive optic modulators allow for signal encoding with low drive voltages; and FBCGHs can be used for beam control, steering, and switching. In addition, near-field optical devices based on ADNs facilitate miniaturization, as well as the development of multifunctional devices, greatly increasing the amount of functionality which can be achieved in a given size.
Near-field optical materials and properties are also instrumental in the development of higher density integrated optoelectronic systems. Since the optical properties of the near-field materials are controlled by the geometry, there is flexibility in the choice of constituent materials, facilitating the implementation of a wide range of devices using compatible materials for ease of fabrication and integration. In addition, the analysis of the near field coupling is critical to the development of densely integrated systems-in terms of both analyzing and isolating undesirable crosstalk between integrated structures, as well as increasing density through the use of near-field coupling between devices.
Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

14. Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances
The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation
The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols
The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission
QUIST
DSO
ITO
MTO
DARPA

15. Quantum Telecommunications Systems DARPA Proposal
Multidisciplinary Team (UCSD, CalTech)
Physics (Sham, Schuller, Goodkind, Scherer)
Math (Meyers, Wallach)
ECE (Fainman, Yu, Rao, Tu)
Protocols for Secure Quantum Communication
Quantum Devices
General Quantum Telecommunication Systems
Algorithms
Quantum Channel Characterization
Bandwidth Enhancement

16. Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer
SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility
PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF
Electrons Floating over Liquid He
One Electron per Gold Post
500 nm
NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/
UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE

17. The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering
Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D
Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State
Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors
Give Detailed State Information
Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality
Computational Fields
Environmental Modeling
Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes
Ecological Modeling
Biomedical Systems
Intelligent Transportation

18. The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid
From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
San Diego Supercomputer Center
Cal-(IT)2
Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon
Source: John Orcutt, SIO

19. Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online
New Bay Bridge Tower
with Lateral Shear Links
Wireless Sensor Arrays
Linked to Crisis Management
Control Rooms
Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.

20. The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network
Linking Astronomical Observatories
to the Internet is a Major Driver
NSF Funded
PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO
45mbps Duplex Backbone

21. Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone
Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

22. Coming -- The Grid Physics Network
Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science
CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)
Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs
Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant
20 Institutions Involved
$12 million over four years
Requires distributed megacomputer

23. Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years
The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)
Found the First Million Digit Prime
Deployed in Over 80 Countries

24. SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers
Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day
485,821 CPU Years so far
Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis
Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope
Next Step-
Allen Telescope Array

25. Companies Competing for Leadership in Internet Computing
Intel Establishes
Peer-to-Peer Working Group

26. Entropia Donation brings Internet Computing to Scientific Researchers
Two Agreements Announced November 9, 2000 at SC00
Entropia, Inc., and the Alliance
Entropia, Inc., and the NPACI
Entropia Will Donate 200 Million CPU Hours to PACI Program
Largest Computing Platform for National Academic User Community
Comparable to 10 Years Capacity of the Largest LES Systems
Empower Computational Scientists
Access to Massive Resources
Drive Development of Computer Science
Scalable Computational Algorithms and Techniques
Andrew Chien, Entropia, SC00