1. What Researchers (and National Health Research Systems) Can Do 1.Research competes with many other factors in the policymaking process [Context] 2.Research isnt valued as an information input [Climate / culture for research use] 3.Research isnt relevant [Production] 4.Research isnt easy to use [Translation] a.Research isnt communicated effectively [Push] b.Research isnt available when policymakers need it and in a form that they can use [Facilitating pull] c.Policymakers lack the skills and approaches to use research efficiently in policymaking [Pull] d.Policymakers lack forums where policy challenges can be discussed with key stakeholders [Exchange] 1

2. What Researchers (and National Health Research Systems) Can Do (2) 3. Engage policymakers and stakeholders periodically in priority-setting processes and communicate the priorities to researchers (including short-term requirements for policy briefs, medium-term term requirements for systematic reviews, and long-term requirements for new primary research) [Production] 2

3. What Researchers (and National Health Research Systems) Can Do (3) 4a. Communicate research effectively (to ensure that policymakers hear music instead of noise) [Push] – E.g., Identify the take-home messages arising from research (what), the target audiences for each message (to whom), a credible messenger for combinations of audience/message (by whom), a dissemination strategy informed by the available research literature (how), and how influence will be monitored (with what effect) 3

4. What Researchers (and National Health Research Systems) Can Do (4) Policy briefs Systematic reviews of research Individual studies, articles, and reports Basic, theoretical and methodological innovations 4

5. What Researchers (and National Health Research Systems) Can Do (5) Support the other features of national health research systems 5