1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Europe Before 1492

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Describe the conditions in Europe in the fifteenth century. Analyze how the changes taking place in Europe affected the inhabitants. Describe the major developments on the Iberian Peninsula at the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the Renaissance. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People Middle Ages − period in European history from the fifth century through the fourteenth century marked by an absence of effective central government Renaissance − period in European history lasting from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, which ushered in a more secular age and encouraged freedom of thought, the importance of the individual, and renewed interest in classical learning

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) reconquista − prolonged battle, ending in 1492, that reestablished Spanish Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula after 700 years of Muslim dominance Prince Henry the Navigator − leader who directed Portuguese efforts to sail into the Atlantic, spread Christianity, and outflank Muslim domination of trade

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Europeans begin to explore more of the world? New ideas swept through Europe during the 1400s, causing enormous cultural, economic, and technological changes. Europeans began a period of exploration and discovery beyond their shores that would change Europe and much of the world.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the early years of the Middle Ages were marked by The absence of an effective central government The constant threats of famine, disease, and foreign invasion

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Then as new institutions and ideas slowly took hold, a new civilization emerged in Europe. Europe was in the process of recovering from the effects of the bubonic plague, which had killed about a third of the population during the 1340s. Most of the survivors lived in the countryside. The economy was overwhelmingly agricultural.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. AS Cities and towns were growing, especially in northern Italy and the Netherlands. Artisans produced cloth, tools, and other goods in city workshops. Cities also were centers of trade.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In this society of unequal classes, less than 5 percent of the people controlled almost all of the land. Royalty and Aristocrats A monarch was at the top of the social pyramid in each kingdom. Aristocrats inherited social rank, title, and landed estates that were worked by peasants. Church Leaders and Merchants The elite also included leaders of the Roman Catholic Church. Wealthy merchants shipped cargoes between cities for profit.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Commoners lived under the domination of the elite. Middle-Class Families These families owned enough property to be farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers. They accounted for only a fifth of the population. The Working Poor In good years, they farmed on rented land or worked for pay, and in bad years, many were beggars. They accounted for three fifths of the population.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The kingdoms were often at war over land and power. Each kingdom was ruled by a monarch who depended on the elite class to do much of the governing. The most important kingdoms were Castile, Portugal, France, and England. Western Europe was divided into a number of kingdoms.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the end, the Muslims defeated the Christian Crusaders. During the latter half of the Middle Ages, European Christians and Southwest Asian Muslims fought one another in a series of religious wars known as the Crusades. Despite national rivalries, many Europeans united in an effort to recapture the Holy Land, the region in the Middle East where Jesus had lived and taught.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the long run, Crusades had lasting effects that benefited Europeans. Europeans became aware of distant lands and different ways of life. Soldiers returned home with exotic goods. As demand for these products soared, European traders expanded their businesses into Asia.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. European Trade Routes, 1000−1300

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The European Renaissance had begun by the mid-1400s. In this period of great change Trade with and knowledge of other lands expanded The wealth generated from trade fueled further exploration The development of the printing press made books more widely available Literature promoted new ideas

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Christian Europeans felt hemmed in by the superior wealth, power, and technology of the Muslims. Muslims dominated North Africa Areas around the southern and eastern Mediterranean Sea Parts of Eastern Europe and Southeast, Southwest, and Central Asia

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In some places, violent conflicts continued between Christians and Muslims. On the Iberian Peninsula, the kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Portugal were waging the reconquista. They hoped to drive out the Muslim Moors, who had ruled Iberia for centuries.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Spain and Portugal were now well-situated to seek new trades routes and expand European influence. In 1492, the monarchs won the reconquista by capturing the Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1469, the marriage of Prince Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united Aragon and Castile to create Spain.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Starting in 1419, Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator led early efforts at exploration and expansion of trade. He founded a school of navigation. He sponsored expeditions down the west coast of Africa.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Technological innovations helped the Portuguese take the early lead in sailing into the Atlantic Ocean. Sailors used the compass, the astrolabe, and the quadrant to determine their location and direction. Shipbuilders created the sturdy caravel, capable of sailing hundreds of miles.