1. A History of Western Society
Cover Slide
A History of Western Society
Chapter 19
The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

2. Agriculture and the land
Life was uncertain
Population followed an irregular cycle of slow growth
Food production unchanged
Procreation cyclical
Birth / death rates uncertain
Agriculture changed the balance of uncertainty
Led to / population surplus / gains in technology / food / industry

3. Vernet, Building Highway
An expanding system of all-weather roads improved French communications, promoted trade, and facilitated relief in time of famine. This majestic painting by Claude-Joseph Vernet ( ) captures the spirit of the Enlightenment's cautious optimism and its faith in hard-won progress. (Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library International)

4. Agriculture and the land
The Open Field System
Greatest accomplishment of medieval agriculture.
Common land worked by all for the community
Common lands set aside for animals
Poor allowed to (Glean) pick up what was left (single grains of crop) after harvest

5. Selective breeding
Selective breeding
"Selective breeding" meant bigger livestock and more meat on English tables. This engraving depicts a gigantic champion, one of the new improved shorthorn breed, known as the Newbus Ox. Such great fat beasts were pictured in the press and praised by poets.

6. agricultural revolution in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that gave rise to the industrial revolution.
An agricultural revolution occurred during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
The use of crop rotation (most popular use of land) increased cultivation.
Grain crops were alternated with nitrogen-storing crops.
“Enclosing” the fields ended the open field system.
The enclosure movement meant an end to common land.
The success of the Agro revolution in England depended on tenant farmers.

7. England and the Low Countries were the leaders in the agricultural movement.
The Netherlands or Low Countries led the way in the Agricultural revolution
Due to a growing population.
Cornelius Vermuyden directed drainage projects in England based on Dutch experience.
Jethro Tull gained fame in experimental agricultural and animal husbandry.
Led empirical research to gain knowledge

8. Population increase and explosion
There were limitations on population growth up to about the year 1700.
Famine, disease, and war were the usual checks on growth.
Europe’s population growth was kept fairly low.
Famine Foods
Grass / tree Bark / ate to keep from starving
Increase in food supply in foods such as turnips / potatoes helped the population explosion

9. Caribbean Sugar Mill
Caribbean Sugar Mill
This painting, from William Clark's Ten Views in the Island of Antigua, 1823, depicts a Caribbean windmill crushing sugar cane whose juice is boiled down in the smoking building next door.

10. Population increase and explosion
A new pattern of growth emerged in the eighteenth century.
Fewer deaths occurred primarily due to the disappearance of the plague. (Brown rat takeover)
Advances in medicine did little to decrease the death rate.
Improved sanitation promoted improving public health.
An increase in food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics.

11. Population increase role in Europe
The cottage industry grew during the age of the agricultural revolution.
The rural poor performed manufacturing work.
This cottage industry began to challenge the urban craft industry.
The putting-out system involved merchant-capitalists providing raw materials to the rural poor who, in turn, produced cloth in their homes.
The textile industry in England was an example of the putting-out system.

12. Population and Manufacturing
Cottage Industry
Russia had the largest population by 1800
The French encouraged cottage manufacturing (The cottage industry) to improve the living standards of the rural poor.
The putting out system employed rural families as family units.
Holy Monday (Too drunk to work) was a day of relaxation for the poor

13. The Atlantic Economy
Mercantilism continued to evolve during the period.
(M) = Regulations that increased the power of the state by creating a favorable balance of trade
English mercantilism was characterized by government regulations that served the interests of private individuals.
The English mercantilist system benefited from England’s North American colonies.
Designed to enrich the mother country.

14. English and French in North America ca. 1700

15. The Atlantic Economy
Mercantilism continued to evolve during the period.
The method of targeting the Dutch and strengthening the English economy.
The Navigation Acts provided the British a monopoly on trade with the colonies.
England became supreme in Europe after the Seven Years War.
Won the war due to putting men and money into the Americas (A better Strategy)

16. "Taking of Quebec City"
"Taking of Quebec City"
The French successfully defended their capital from British attack in 1690 and again in But, as this anonymous color line engraving A View of the Taking of Quebec, September 13, 1759 shows, British troops landed, scaled the cliffs in the dead of the night, and defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham above Quebec. The battle gave Britain a decisive victory in the long struggle for empire in North America.

17. European Claims in North America Before and After the Seven Years' War

18. The Atlantic Economy
Adam Smith did not support the idea of Mercantilism.
He believed in the value of free markets and wrote a treatise on it called the “Wealth of Nations”
Government had a role but regulation of trade was not one of the roles.
Believed in (LF) or hands off

19. The Atlantic Slave trade
Atlantic economic system based on the slave trade
Engine of the economy / stopped European wars / focused on wealth
80% of goods produced by slaves.
Slavery intensified / Britain outlawed slavery in 1807 (British Women pushed it)

20. Slave ship
Slave ship
This drawing from a parliamentary report on slavery shows that the revolting conditions on slave ships sailing to Caribbean and North American ports pale in barbarity beside conditions on the southern route to Brazil, where slaves were literally packed like sardines in a can.

21. Colonial Revival in the Americas
Creoles –Spanish blood born in the Americas --- Noble class
Mestizos – Spanish and Indian mixed parentage Upper class
African slaves did most of the work

22. Forming the Mexican People
This painting by an unknown eighteenth-century artist presents a naive but sympathetic view of interracial unions and marriages in colonial Mexico. On the left, the union of a Spanish man and a Native American woman has produced a racially mixed mestizo. The handsome group on the right features a mestizo woman and a Spaniard with their little daughter. (Private Collection)

23. Map: The Atlantic Economy