1. Using Sources And MLA Citation Conventions Adapted from Steve Moiles TOW website: http://www.siue.edu/~smoiles/ http://www.siue.edu/~smoiles/ And the OWL at Purdue http://owl.english.purdue.edu

2. Quotation

3. Why use a quotation?

4. memorable phrasing emotional (as well as informative) content conciseness authoritative source

5. Attributive Tags (Citation):

6. Identify the Attributive Tag (Citation): Theodore Roosevelt said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

7. Identify the Attributive Tag (Citation): Theodore Roosevelt said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” Separates your ideas from your sources. Quotation Marks also indicate to the reader that these words are not your own.

8. Introduce Quotes with Care / Establishing Credibility: mention the author’s name & job title (especially for a scholarly source) mention where the material originally appeared

9. Looking Closer: Theodore Roosevelt said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” Note the comma following the attributive tag. Note the quotation begins with a capital letter. Note the period goes inside the quotation marks at the end.

10. Accuracy DO NOT LEAVE WORDS OUT, INSERT WORDS, OR CHANGE WORDS UNLESS YOU’VE INDICATED THIS IN THE APPROPRIATE MANNER

11. Making Changes to the Original Quotation: As Theodore Roosevelt said, one should “[s]peak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” When integrating a quotation into your own sentence you may have to modify it. Any changes should be placed in square brackets [ ]. Note no comma separates the quotation from the writer’s own words.

12. Making Changes to the Original Quotation:  Use ellipses... to leave word(s) out  Use only three evenly spaced dots.

13. Using Ellipses Original Quote – by W. Somerset Maugham It is not true that suffering ennobles the character; happiness does that sometimes, but suffering, for the most part, makes men petty and vindictive. Modified Quote Maugham does not believe that “suffering ennobles the character;... suffering, for the most part, makes men petty and vindictive.”

14. Paraphrasing

15. What is Paraphrasing?

16. your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

17. Why Paraphrase? it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

18. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing 1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. 3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

19. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing 4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

20. Paraphrasing Example: (Original Quote) Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

21. Paraphrasing Example: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

22. Parenthetical Citation

23. You must use a parenthetical Citation each time that you: Use a quotation. Paraphrase someone else’s words. Summarize someone else’s ideas.

24. Parenthetical Citation In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). Show in Parentheses either the author’s name & page # or just the page number, depending on what you included in your lead-in phrase.

25. Parenthetical Citation (lead in phrase contains author’s name.) Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

26. Works Cited

27. Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper. Label the page Works Cited (do not underline the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page. Double space all citations.

28. Capitalization and Punctuation (throughout your essay & Works Cited) Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles, short prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose Use italics or underlining for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

29. Books First or single author's name is written last name, first name. The basic form for a book citation is: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication

30. Book with One Author Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987. Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.

31. Book with More Than One Author First author name is written last name first; subsequent author names are written first name, last name. Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000.

32. A Part of a Book Book parts include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is: Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages.

33. A Part of a Book Example: Swanson, Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24.

34. Journal Author’s name. “Title of the article.” Journal Title Volume # (year): page #s.

35. Journal Example Weinert, Regina. “The Role of Formulaic Language in Second Language Acquisition: A Review.” Applied Linguistics 16 (1995): 180-205.

36. Electronic Sources

37. Author and/or editor names Name of the database, or title of project, book, article Any version numbers available Date of version, revision, or posting Publisher information Date you accessed the material Electronic address, printed between carets ( ).

38. An Entire Web Site Name of Site. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sometimes found in copyright statements). Date you accessed the site.

39. Entire Web Site Examples: The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 23 April 2006. Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. 28 Nov. 2003. Purdue University. 10 May 2006.

40. A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites. Make sure the URL points to the exact page you are referring to, or the entry or home page for a collection of pages you're referring to: "Caret." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 28 April 2006. 10 May 2006.