1. Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???
Chapter 3: Migration
Key Issue 2:
Where are migrants distributed???

2. Global Migration Patterns
Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out-migration
North America, Europe, and Oceania have in-migration
Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s

3. U.S. Immigration
Pop of US includes 40 million foreign born individuals
½ are from Latin America
¼ are from Asia
Other MDCs with high net migration
Australia
Canada
Oil rich Middle East Countries

5. US Immigration Patterns
U.S. immigration patterns offer unique study
3rd most populous country in the world
Inhabited overwhelming by descendents of immigrants
Three era’s of immigrations
Settlement of colonies
Mid 19th century- early 20th century
1970’s -today

6. Era I: Colonial Immigration from England and Africa 1600s- 1776
Sources:
Africa
Europe
Slaves forced to migrate
400,000 shipped to 13 colonies
250,000 after 1808
European
voluntary
Harsh economic conditions
Religious persecution
1 million migrated prior to independence
1 million between 1700’s to 1840’s
1st to arrive settlers at Jamestown, VA in 1607
90% prior to 1840 were British

7. Era II: 19th Century Immigration from Europe
40 million migrated to US
Pulled by economic opportunities
Mainly from Germany, Italy, U.K, Ireland and Russia
3 peaks
1840s, 1850s
1880s
1840’s-1850’s 1st surge(4.3 million)
Mainly came from Northern and Western Europe
Famine in Ireland (push)
Germans
Welcomed Protestant/white/English

8. 2nd peak: 1880’s
500,000 migrants
Northern and Western Europe
Many migrants from Scandinavia
Swedes
Norwegians
Migrants coming from countries moving into Stage 2 of Demographic Transition due to the Industrial Revolution

9. 3rd peak of European Migration: 1900-1914
Nearly 2 million immigrants
2/3rds of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
Italy
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Coincided with diffusion of Industrial Revolution

10. Era III:1970s - Present Asia: Latin America Pushed by:
mainly 1970’s and 1980’s
Mainly from China, Turkey, and Japan
During 1990’s and 2000’s mainly from China, Philippines, and India
40% of Canadian immigration
Latin America
Late 1800s, 1990’s, and 2000’s
500,000 a year to U.S.
Mexico passes Germany in 2006 as the country that sent the US the most immigrants
Dominican Republic is #2 in L.A.
Pushed by:
Poor conditions at home
Land shortage
Rapid population increase
Problems:
US is no longer sparsely settled
No longer economically booming
Closed frontier

11. Impact of Immigration on the United States
Legacy of European Migration
Ended after WWI
Europe’s Demographic Transition
Rapid pop growth fueled migration
Migration was a safety valve
Europe now in Stage 4
Economies meet needs of people
Diffusion of European Culture
65 million European immigrants impacted world culture
Indo-European languages spoken by half the worlds population
Christianity most prevalent religion
Political and economic structures infused
Colonial empires

12. Undocumented Immigration to the United States
Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century
More people want to enter than allowed
Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants
Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008
59 % from Mexico
22% from elsewhere in Latin America
12% from Asia
Children
2008 estimate:
6.3 million adult males
4.1 million adult females
1.5 million children
4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents
Creates conflict:
Jobs
8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed
Construction/ hospitality
Border easy to cross
Border patrol
Wall?
Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs
Some favor work programs
Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants
Dream Act

13. Dream Act
This bill would provide conditional permanent residency to certain undocumented residents of good moral character who graduate from U.S. high schools, arrived in the United States as minors, and lived in the country continuously for at least five years prior to the bill's enactment.
If they were to complete two years in the military or two years at a four-year institution of higher learning, they would obtain temporary residency for a six-year period.
Within the six-year period, they may qualify for permanent residency if they have "acquired a degree from an institution of higher education in the United States or [have] completed at least 2 years, in good standing, in a program for a bachelor's degree or higher degree in the United States”
This bill would have included undocumented immigrants as old as 35 years of age.
Supporters argue that the Act would not create an "amnesty program" and would produce a variety of social and economic benefits
Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation.

15. Destination of Immigrants within the United States
Clusters
1/5th in California
1/4th of undocumented
1/6th in New York Metro Area
Proximity a factor
Cuba / Florida
Mexico/ Texas
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality previously migrated there
Job prospects affect settlement
South and West have rapid growth in jobs

16. Part II: Why do migrants face obstacles?

17. Immigration Policies of Host Countries
U.S. Quota Laws
Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act 1924
Unrestricted immigration ended in 1921
Quotas established
1924: 2% of 1910 census population
Max 150,000
System continued until 1960’s
Designed to ensure most immigrants were European
Immigration Act of 1965
Quotas eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas
Eastern = 170,000
Western= 120,000
1978 Quota
Hemisphere quota replaced with a global quota
Total 290,000
Current Global Quota
620,000
7% max from one country
Today those with families are “preferred”
Skilled workers preferred
Typical wait is 5 years
Does not apply to refugees
Has to be “genuine”

19. Immigration Issues Temporary Migration for Work Brain Drain
Guest workers
Europe, Middle East
Protected by minimum-wage laws
Earn more than at home
Help native populations by sending $ back
Take low-skill, low-status jobs
Brain Drain
Most immigrants young, well-educated
US gives preference to “skilled workers”
Large-scale emigration by talented people
84% in Haiti
Asians

20. Time-Contract Workers
Recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations
When contract expired, many stayed
Mainly in Asia
China
American Example:
Chinese railroad workers 1860s

21. Economic Migrants and Refugees
Difficult to distinguish between Migrants seeking economic opportunity and refugees fleeing government persecution
Examples:
Cuba
Haiti
Vietnam
Economic migrants are not admitted unless they have a special skills or a close relative
Refugees have special priority

22. Cuba U.S. was unprepared for sudden influx
Migrants had to stay at camps
1987: US allowed 20,000 Cubans per year
Cubans are regarded as political refugees since 1959
After Communist Revolution/ Castro
600,000 admitted to US after revolution in 1959
2nd flood in 1980 when Fidel Castro allowed people to leave
Political prisoners
Criminals
Mental patients

23. Elian Gonzalez

24. Haiti
Duvalier Dictatorship
Not associated with Soviet Union
Refugees not allowed
sued US government
1991 a coup to overthrow dictatorship led more immigrants to leave
Today: lots of immigrants, now economic

25. Vietnam
Huge flux with end of Vietnam war and success of communist North Vietnam in 1975
Migrated to many regions
800,000 in US since 1975
2nd surge in 1980s
Mainly economic migrants

26. Cultural Problems US Attitudes Towards Immigrants
Discrimination in 1840’s-1850’s
1911: Southern and Eastern Europeans were “inferior”
Deemed “inclined towards violent crimes”
Resisted assimilation
When Frontier “closed” public thought so should immigration
Most recently undocumented workers have created a hostile issue
CA, Arizona
Voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to public services

27. Attitudes towards guest workers
In Europe, suffer from poor social conditions
Lonely life
Guest workers typically young males, no family
Issues with language create cultural barriers
Many oppose programs to improve guest workers living conditions
France, Germany
Some try to pay workers to leave

30. Guest Workers
Sending workers abroad is an economic strategy for peripheral and semi-peripheral countries
Lessens local unemployment
Enables workers to send $ home
Can help home countries