1. PSM/RtI
Getting in the Boat

2. PROBLEM SOLVING MODEL AND RESPONSIVENESS TO INSTRUCTION
2009 into the Future

3. Participation—National, State, and Local
First sites in Iowa two decades ago
National conferences abound with RtI themes & workshops
NASP lists 17 websites for DPIs nationally; many more have sites through contracts with state universities
At least 2/3 of the school systems in NC have been through training.
All elementary schools have been trained and are implementing PSM/RtI as of
Middle school model developed. Implementation starts this school year.
Renorming at elementary school this school year.

4. OVERVIEW
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

5. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM SOLVING MODEL?
Uses the problem solving process to define the problem and develop, implement, and evaluate interventions.
Uses authentic assessment measures that closely align with skills required to be successful in school; e.g., curriculum based measurement( CBM)
Uses Response to Intervention as the basis for decision making.
Uses local and state norms to set goals and make decisions about entitlement.

6. Instructional Decision Making for Student Success
Academic Systems
Behavioral Systems
Intensive, Individual Interventions
Individual Students
Assessment-based
High Intensity
Of longer duration
Intensive, Individual Interventions
Individual Students
Assessment-based
Intense, durable procedures
1-5%
1-5%
5-10%
5-10%
Targeted Group Interventions
Some students (at-risk)
High efficiency
Rapid response
Targeted Group Interventions
Some students (at-risk)
High efficiency
Rapid response
Universal Interventions
All students
Preventive, proactive
80-90%
80-90%
Universal Interventions
All settings, all students
Preventive, proactive

7. PROBLEM-SOLVING MODEL ACTION TEAM
Tier IV
Consultation with parents, team members, and teachers for IEP consideration.
Amount of Resources Needed to Solve Concerns
Tier III
Consultation with extended problem-solving team
Tier II
Consultation with
Other resources
Tier I
Consultation between teacher and parent
The focus is on changing the environment to meet the student’s needs. The intervention plan is data based, relies on direct instruction, and has a progress-monitoring component.
Intensity of Problem

8. AMOUNT OF RESOURCES REQUIRED TO MEET THE STUDENT’S NEEDS
Tier IV
IEP
Consideration
Tier III
Student
Study
Team
Intensive Interventions 1-7%
Strategic Interventions 5-15%
Core Curriculum 80-90%
Tier II
AMOUNT OF RESOURCES
REQUIRED TO MEET THE
STUDENT’S NEEDS
Consultation
With Other
Resources
Tier I
Consultation
Between
Teachers -
Parents
INTENSITY OF NEEDS
Needs -
circles -
pub

10. What Do We Assess in PSM/RtI
ICE then L
Instruction, Curriculum, Environment (School and Home)
THEN
Learner

11. Areas of Assessment--ICEL
INSTRUCTION is defined as delivery of the curriculum whether academic of affective including, but not limited to:
Describe the extent to which instruction is differentiated for all students
Level of Instruction (grade level skills? higher? lower?)
Rate of Instruction (pacing)
Presentation (auditory, visual, tactile, and/or kinesthetic or types of tools used such as blackboard, whiteboard, overhead, PowerPoint, Centers, collaborative, etc.)
Teacher/Student Ratio (may include Teacher Assistant. Use of small group, or one-to-one for specific issues)
Instructional Transitions (class schedule, methods teachers use for transitions, etc.)

12. Areas of Assessment--ICEL
CURRICULUM is defined by what is taught including, but not limited to:
Content (skills and behaviors being taught)
Instructional Materials Used (adopted texts, supplementary texts, types of assignments such as worksheets, hands on projects,
Progress/Monitoring/Assessment (K-2 assessments, running records, portfolios, probes, benchmarking such as ClassScapes, etc

13. Areas of Assessment--ICEL
Environmental Factors may involve school,
home, and community including, but not
limited to:
Instructional style
Class size
Physical arrangement of classroom
Medical Factors
Counseling of other community services
Transience
Attendance/Tardiness
ELL Issues
Cultural Issues
Socioeconomic issues

14. Consider ICE, Then L
Focusing only on the child, as in the traditional methods, leads to missing extremely important factors so we look at learner issues last.
LEARNER
Hearing and Vision
Social/Behavioral Skills
Understanding of Instruction
Internally/Externally Motivated
Ability to engage in and remain on task
Organizational Skills

15. TYPES OF ASSESSMENTS RIOT
REVIEW available data including academic, behavioral, and discipline records; work samples; curriculum materials; and information from community resources
INTERVIEW teachers, parents, student, and others
OBSERVE classroom instruction, classroom behavior systems and discipline, student’s academics and behavior in the context of the school environment
TEST normed probes by grade level, back sampling and survey level in areas of weakness, behavioral counts and time sampling

16. Problem Solving Model
The Process

17. Tiers for Providing Support to the Student
All of the previously described steps are used at each Tier:
Tier I Teacher and Parent
Tier II Consultation with Other Resources such as Additional Personnel and Community Resources, if applicable
Tier III Student Support Team
Tier IV Entitlement for Special Education Services

18. TIER I

19. Tier I
Teachers schedule meeting with the parents or guardians and complete a summary of the cumulative record
A PEP/Request for Intervention Assistance using the Problem Solving Process is completed in the meeting. Data is used that is readily available.
Teacher and parent design an intervention plan.
A meeting is set to review and analyze the results of the interventions.
If needed determinations are made regarding the next steps.
NOTE: Case Colleagues/Managers are available to meet with teacher and parent if needed

20. Tier I Forms
PSM Tier Ia: Request for Intervention Assistance/PEP and Data from Teacher and Records
PSM Tier Ib Review of Intervention Effectiveness including data collected on the targeted skills

21. CASE STUDY Grade 2 Male Age 7
Creative ideas in writing and answering comprehension questions
Strong verbal skills
Completes Math Homework
Good recall of facts

22. CASE STUDY TIER I: TEACHER(S) INVITE PARENT/GUARDIAN TO MEET WITH THEM
DEFINE THE PROBLEM:
Consider observations, work products, classroom assessments
Review Information from Parent
DEVELOP AN ASSESSMENT PLAN:
Typically current available data (Dibels, ClassScapes, etc.)

23. CASE STUDY TIER I: DEVELOP AN INTERVENTION PLAN:
What is the plan to work with the problem in the classroom?
COLLECT DATA DURING THE COURSE OF INTERVENTION:
Continue collecting Dibels data
Use formative assessment
ANALYZE THE RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT:
Look again at the most current data such as Dibels and ClassScapes. Has there been sufficient improvement?

24. TIER II

25. Tier II
The Tier One paperwork is given to the case colleague and a meeting is scheduled with the grade level team, teacher, parent, and case colleague using the Invitation to Conference.
Depending on the issues involved other staff such as the counselor, social worker, reading specialist, etc. may be involved.
The Problem Solving process is followed to further define the problem and develop interventions.
At the second meeting, results of the intervention are reviewed and a determination is made on next steps, if needed.

26. TIER II FORMS
Intervention Plan Problem Solving Model Tier IIa and IIb

27. CASE STUDY TIER II: DEFINE THE PROBLEM: Redefine the problem.
Look for root causes
DEVELOP AN ASSESSMENT PLAN
Use Dibels and/or ClassScapes
Administer running record pre- and post- intervention
May consider use of normed probes

28. CASE STUDY TIER II: ANALYZE THE RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENT
What do the results tell you about the students skills?

29. CASE STUDY TIER II: DEVELOP AN INTERVENTION PLAN
Who—Specify interventionist by position
What—Specify the research based strategies to be used in working with the student
How often—Specify number of minutes per session and number of sessions per week for each interventionist if there are more than one.

30. CASE STUDY TIER II: ANALYZE RESULTS OF INTERVENTION PLAN
Review pre- and post-testing or progress monitoring data.
Is the student progressing toward the goal?
If not, do the interventions need to change.
If they need to change:
Can the change be made at Tier II or
Does the case need to proceed to Tier III

31. Review of Big Concepts What does ICEL stand for? Why ICE then L?
RIOT? How does this change our focus from the traditional model?
Identify the components of the PSM Cycle.
What are the Baseline, Goal, and Aimline?
Why do we build skills from the lowest level skill to the highest level skill, especially in reading?

32. RESOURCES www.interventioncentral.org (Academic and Behavioral)
(Benchmarking and Progress Monitoring Assessments K – 6; Resources for Reading Interventions)
(What Works Clearing House)
(Behavior)
(Behavior)
(Santa Maria Bonita School District (Academics)
(Academics)