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Community Ecology Mr. Clark Bethpage HS
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Key Concepts Community structure Roles of species Species interactions Changes in ecosystems Stability of ecosystems
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Community Structure Appearance Species diversity Species richness Niche structure Edge effects
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Species Diversity Species richness Species evenness Shannon- Weiner Index
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Biodiversity Latitude Depth Pollution Theory of island biogeography Ants Birds
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Ants Birds
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Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation. Species Diversity 1,000 100 10 Latitude 80ºN 6040 20 0 200 100 0 90ºN 60 30 0 30ºS 60 Latitude (a) Ants (b) Breeding birds
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Number of individuals per diatom species Number of diatom species Unpolluted stream Polluted stream
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High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Equilibrium number Immigration and extinction rates Number of species on island (a) © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Small island Effect of island size Number of species on island (b) Large island © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
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High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Far island Effect of distance from mainland Number of species on island (c) Near island © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Immigration (near island) Immigration (far island) Extinction
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Click to view animation. Area and distance effects interaction.
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General Types of Species Native Non-native (exotic or alien) Indicator Keystone Foundation
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Keystone Species
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sperm Eggs Sexual reproduction Fertilized egg development Organ formation Egg hatches Tadpole develops Into frog Young frog Adult frog (3 years)
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Span worm Bombardier beetle Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Poison dart frog When touched, the snake caterpillar changes shape to look like the head of a snake Wandering leaf insect Hind wings of io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal
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Predator Camouflage
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Species Interactions: Competition Interspecific competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Resource partitioning
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Predators
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Defense Strategies Sharp Edges Poison Ivy Spines
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Animal Defenses Bright Color Warning
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Click to view animation. Gause's competition experiment interaction.
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Resource Partitioning and Niche Specialization
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Species Interactions: Predation Predator Prey Prey acquisition Predator avoidance
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism Parasite Host Important ecological roles of parasites
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: Mutualism Pollination mutualism Nutritional mutualism Gut inhabitant mutualism
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Oxpeckers and black rhinocerosClown fish and sea anemone Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in normal soil Lack of Mycorrhizae fungi on juniper seedlings in sterilized soil
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Click to view animation. Types of two species interactions animation.
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Symbiotic Species Interactions: Commensalism Species interaction that benefits one and has little or no effect on the other Example: Small plants growing in shade of larger plants
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Ecological Succession: Communities in Transition Primary succession Secondary succession Pioneer species Successional species
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Click to view animation. Two types of ecological succession animation.
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Primary Succession
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Secondary Succession
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The Rate of Succession Facilitation Inhibition Tolerance
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Ecological Stability and Sustainability Disturbance Climax community Inertia Constancy Resilience Precautionary principle
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Table 8-1 Page 158 Table 8-1 Ecosystem Characteristics at Immature and Mature Stages of Ecological Succession Characteristic Ecosystem Structure Plant size Species diversity Trophic structure Ecological niches Community organization (number of interconnecting links) Ecosystem Function Biomass Net primary productivity Food chains and webs Efficiency of nutrient recycling Efficiency of energy use Immature Ecosystem (Early Successional Stage) Small Low Mostly producers, few decomposers Few, mostly generalized Low High Simple, mostly plant herbivore with few decomposers Low Immature Ecosystem (Late Successional Stage) Large High Mixture of producers, consumers, and decomposers Many, mostly specialized High Low Complex, dominated by decomposers High
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Click to view animation. Resources depletion and degradation interaction
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