1. Science AHSGE Standard VII
Objective 1- Energy Transformations

2. Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
Energy/matter can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to the other.
Two forms:
Kinetic- Energy in motion/action
Potential- Stored energy/ not in motion
Greater with height; books on shelves
Ex: Batteries have stored chemical energy

3. 7 Sources of Energy:
Chemical- Anything that can be burned/a substance used for energy; Ex: Wood, gasoline, battery acid, fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas)
Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide/monoxide into the air when burned
All food is chemical energy
2. Heat- Some always lost in transformations; Ex: Friction
Temperature- Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
SI- Kelvins; Metric- Celcius
Fusion- Heat required to cause melting
Vaporization- Heat required to cause evaporation
Specific heat- Temperature required to cause an object’s temperature to increase by x degrees Celcius (1g by 1 degree)

4. 7 Sources of Energy:
3. Sound- Vibration; Needs matter- can’t travel through a vacuum; Ex: Thunder
Sonic boom- Loud booming noise created when an aircraft surpasses the speed of sound
4. Radiant/light- Solar; ROY G. BIV
5. Electrical- Wiring; lightning
6. Mechanical- Movement of parts; engines; turbines
7. Nuclear- Radioactivity

5. Food Chains
Transfer energy in the form of food (chemical) from one trophic level to the next
Starts with plants (producers) who convert sunlight (radiant) into glucose (chemical)
Producer⃗Primary consumer⃗Secondary consumer ⃗Tertiary consumer⃗Quarternary consumer⃗Decomposer
The beginning of a food chain has the most energy, while the top consumer has the least
Some energy is lost between levels due to everyday life use

6. Examples of Transformations:
Lamp- Electrical to heat to radiant
Door bell- Electrical to sound
Generator- Chemical/mechanical to electrical
Nuclear powerplant- Nuclear to heat to mechanical to electrical
Microwave- Electrical to heat
Gas stove- Chemical to heat
Solar battery- Radiant to electrical
Microphone- Electrical to sound
Photosynthesis- Light to chemical

7. 3 Ways to Transfer Energy
Conduction- Transfer of energy through solids
Ex: burn your hand on a curling iron
Convection- Transfer of energy through liquids/gases (fluids)
Ex: Steam heating the top of a pot; steamed food; boiling an egg
Radiation- Transfer of energy through waves
Ex: Heat traveling across a room from a fireplace

8. What is THIS?

9. Energy Passage
IN ANY ENERGY TRANSFORMATION, SOME ENERGY IS ALWAYS LOST IN THE FORM OF HEAT!!
Conductor- Any substance that allows the passage of energy
Ex: Metals
Insulator- Any substance that does not allow the passage of energy
Ex: Wood or rubber