1. Science AHSGE Standard II
Objective 2- States of Matter

2. Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space States of Matter:
Kinetic Molecular Theory: Matter is made of atoms which are in constant motion
Temperature- Average movement of particles (kinetic energy)
Change in temperature (motion of particles) = change in state of matter
States of Matter:
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma

3. Plasma 99% of known matter in universe- stars and other planets
No definite shape; particles broken apart
Ionized gas
Appears to be solid
Conducts electricity
Affected by magnetic and electric fields

4. Solids Definite shape; does not take shape of container
Definite volume; always same amount of space
Atoms tightly packed together in rows
Vibrate slowly back and forth in place
Lowest kinetic energy

5. Characteristics of Solid
Malleability- Ability to be hammered into thin sheets
Ex: Gold flattened into jewelry
Elasticity- Ability to stretch and return to original position
Ex: Rubberband
Brittleness- Ease with which it breaks
Ex: Glass is more brittle than steel
Hardness- Ability to resist scratching
Ex: Diamond is harder than soap
Tensile strength- Resistance to breaking under pressure
Concrete withstands hitting while paper may tear

6. Liquids Definite volume No definite shape; takes shape of container
Molecules loosely packed together
Particles able to slide past one another
More kinetic energy than solids

7. Density and Floating Density = mass (g)
Volume (ml)
Solids tend to be more dense than liquids of the same substance; liquids more than gas
In order for an object to float, its density must be less than the liquid it is in
Example: Density of water = 1 g/ml
0.34 g/ml stick floats
2 g/ml stick sinks

8. Characteristics of Liquids
Viscosity- Resistance of a liquid to flow (thickness)
Syrup is more viscous than water
Surface tension- Tendency to form a skin on the surface when sitting still
Ponds develop and water bugs jump on
Cohesion- Particles of the same substance sticking together
Water molecules stick together to flow
Adhesion- Particles of different substances sticking together
Water molecules sticking to sides of glass graduated cylinder forming a meniscus

9. Gases No definite volume; completely fills all space available
No definite shape; takes entire shape of closed container
Particles repel each other; very far apart
Most kinetic energy; fast movement
Expands (increase in volume) when heated & vice versa