1. Standard VIII- DNA, RNA and Proteins
Biology AHSGE
Standard VIII- DNA, RNA and Proteins

2. Standard VIII- DNA, RNA and Proteins
CONTENT STANDARD 8. Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and protein.
ELIGIBLE CONTENT
A. Recognize that amino acids make up protein.
B. Recognize that proteins can function as enzymes.
C. Compare the functions of DNA and RNA in the production of protein.
D. Identify patterns of base pairing of DNA and RNA.
E. Recognize DNA as making up genes and chromosomes.

3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double Helix
Double stranded; twisted ladder
Found in the form of chromosomes
Genes- Relatively small segment of DNA that codes for the synthesis of a specific protein. 
Model developed by Watson and Crick
Nucleotide- Base, sugar and phosphate group

4. DNA
Long strands (sides) of DNA molecule- alternating sugars and phosphates; phosphodiester bonds
Deoxyribose- sugar of DNA
Rungs of the ladder made of nitrogen-base pairs
Held together by a hydrogen bonds
Four bases:
Adenine-Thymine (2 H bonds)
Guanine-Cytosine (3 H bonds)
Purines: A and G
Pyrimidines: T and C
Order makes up the code for specific characteristics in the body

5. DNA Replication
Duplication (copying) of DNA strands
DNA Helicase splits DNA molecule in half/2 templates or parental strands
Single stranded binding proteins (SSBs) keep from joining back
Replication fork- Point of DNA separation
RNA Primase brings in starter nucleotides
DNA Polymerase binds complimentary strands of DNA to the Primase starter
Leading strand continuously grows
Lagging strand grows in sections (Okazaki fragments) in the opposite direction
Ligase fills in gaps

6. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single-stranded
Ribose- sugar of RNA
Four bases:
Adenine-Uracil
Cytosine-Guanine
Notice, Thymine is replaced with Uracil
Transcription- Making Messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA (Occurs in nucleolus)
DNA unzips and complementary RNA nucleotides are paired up with DNA nucleotides
Promoter- Signals where transcription begins (TATA box)

7. Protein Synthesis mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosome
3 mRNA bases (codon) will pair with a complimentary tRNA base triplet (anticodon)
- AUG- start codon begins on the P site of the ribosome
Transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons specify certain amino acids
- New tRNA molecules bring in a.a. to the A site
Amino acids from the P and A sites are linked by peptide bonds on the ribosomes
- Used tRNA molecules exit from the P site, the A site tRNA moves over and a new tRNA comes in
Linked amino acids become proteins on the ribosomes
Proteins- Build cell structures and function as enzymes to speed up/regulate cell processes

8. Protein Synthesis Translation Transcription

9. DNA to RNA to Proteins