1. Authenticating Users Chapter 6

2. Learning Objectives Understand why authentication is a critical aspect of network security Describe why firewalls authenticate and how they identify users Describe user, client, and session authentication List advantages and disadvantages of popular centralized authentication systems continued

3. Learning Objectives Be aware of potential weaknesses of password security systems Understand the use of password security tools Be familiar with common authentication protocols used by firewalls

4. The Authentication Process in General The act of identifying users and providing network services to them based on their identity Three forms Basic authentication Challenge-response authentication Centralized authentication service (often uses two-factor authentication)

5. How Firewalls Implement the Authentication Process 1.Client makes request to access a resource 2.Firewall intercepts the request and prompts the user for name and password 3.User submits information to firewall 4.User is authenticated 5.Request is checked against firewall’s rule base 6.If request matches existing allow rule, user is granted access 7.User accesses desired resources

6. How Firewalls Implement the Authentication Process

7. Types of Authentication with Firewalls User authentication Client authentication Session authentication

8. User Authentication Basic authentication; user supplies username and password to access networked resources Users who need to legitimately access your internal servers must be added to your Access Control Lists (ACLs)

9. User Authentication

10. Client Authentication Same as user authentication but with additional time limit or usage limit restrictions When configuring, set up one of two types of authentication systems Standard sign-on system Specific sign-on system

11. Client Authentication

12. Session Authentication Required any time the client establishes a session with a server of other networked resource

13. Comparison of Authentication Methods

14. Centralized Authentication Centralized server maintains all authorizations for users regardless of where user is located and how user connects to network Most common methods Kerberos TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System) RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)

15. Process of Centralized Authentication

16. Kerberos Authentication Provides authentication and encryption through standard clients and servers Uses a Key Distribution Center (KDC) to issue tickets to those who want access to resources Used internally on Windows 2000/XP Advantages Passwords are not stored on the system Widely used in UNIX environment; enables authentication across operating systems

17. Kerberos Authentication

18. TACACS+ Latest and strongest version of a set of authentication protocols for dial-up access (Cisco Systems) Provides AAA services Authentication Authorization Auditing Uses MD5 algorithm to encrypt data

19. RADIUS Centralized dial-in authentication service that uses UDP Transmits authentication packets unencrypted across the network Provides lower level of security than TACACS+ but more widely supported

20. TACACS+ and RADIUS Compared Strength of security Filtering characteristics Proxy characteristics NAT characteristics

21. Strength of Security

22. Filtering Characteristics

23. Proxy Characteristics RADIUS Doesn’t work with generic proxy systems, but a RADIUS server can function as a proxy server TACACS+ Works with generic proxy systems

24. NAT Characteristics RADIUS Doesn’t work with NAT TACACS+ Should work through NAT systems

25. Password Security Issues Passwords that can be cracked (accessed by an unauthorized user) User error with passwords Lax security habits

26. Passwords That Can Be Cracked Ways to crack passwords Find a way to authenticate without knowing the password Uncover password from system that holds it Guess the password To avoid the issue Protect passwords effectively Observe security habits

27. User Error with Passwords Built-in vulnerabilities Often easy to guess Often stored visibly Social engineering To avoid the issues Choose complicated passwords Memorize passwords Never give passwords out to anyone

28. Lax Security Habits To maintain some level of integrity, draw up a formal Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

29. Password Security Tools One-time password software Shadow password system

30. One-Time Password Software Password is generated using a secret key Password is used only once, when the user authenticates Different passwords are used for each authentication session Types Challenge-response passwords Password list passwords

31. Shadow Password System A feature of Linux that stores passwords in another file that has restricted access Passwords are stored only after being encrypted by a randomly generated value and an encoding formula

32. Other Authentication Systems Single-password systems One-time password systems Certificate-based authentication 802.1x Wi-Fi authentication

33. Single-Password Systems Operating system password Internal firewall password

34. One-Time Password Systems Single Key (S/Key) SecurID Axent Pathways Defender

35. Single Key (S/Key) Password Authentication Uses multiple-word rather than single word passwords User specifies single-word password and the number of times it is to be encrypted Password is processed by a hash function n times; resulting encrypted passwords are stored on the server Never stores original password on the server

36. SecurID Password Authentication Uses two-factor authentication Physical object Piece of knowledge Most frequently used one-time password solution with FireWall-1

37. SecurID Tokens

38. Axent Pathways Defender Password Authentication Uses two-factor authentication and a challenge-response system

39. Certificate-Based Authentication FireWall-1 supports the use of digital certificates to authenticate users Organization sets up a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) that generates keys to users User receives a code (public key) that is generated using the server’s private key and uses the public key to send encrypted information to the server Server receives the public key and can decrypt the information using its private key

40. 802.1x Wi-Fi Authentication Supports wireless Ethernet connections Not supported by FireWall-1 802.1x protocol provides for authentication of users on wireless networks Wi-Fi uses Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)

41. 802.1x Wi-Fi Authentication

42. Chapter Summary Overview of authentication and its importance to network security How and why firewalls perform authentication services Types of authentication performed by firewalls Client User Session continued

43. Chapter Summary Centralized authentication methods that firewalls can use Kerberos TACACS+ RADIUS Password security issues and special password security tools Authentication protocols used by full-featured enterprise-level firewalls