1. Standard IV- Cell Organelles
Biology AHSGE
Standard IV- Cell Organelles

2. Biology AHSGE
Biology Standard 4. Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.
A. Identify cell structures including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuole, chloroplast, and mitochondrion.
B. Classify organisms as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

3. Cells Cells- the smallest unit of life
Discovered by Robert Hooke
The Cell Theory- All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure for all life, and all cells come from other cells.
Developed by Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow

4. Cells Unicellular- Organism composed of only one cell
Kingdoms: Monera (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria) and Protista
Mutlicellular- Organism composed of more than one cell
Kingdoms: Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Prokaryotic- Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Kingdom Monera (Archaebacteria and Eubacteria)- bacteria, blue-green algae and viruses
Eukaryotic- Cells containing a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia *** Remember pro-no; eu-true

5. Cells

6. Organelles- Structures found within or on a cell which contain specific functions
Nucleus- “Control Center”
Controls all intracellular activity
Contains DNA (genetic material, hereditary information, chromosomes, chromatin)
Nucleolus- Center of nucleus where transcription occurs
Nuclear membrane (envelope)- Outer covering of a nucleus which controls materials passage into and out of cell

7. Organelles Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)- Outer covering of a cell
Gives cells their shape
Protects the cell by controlling the passage of materials into and out of the cell
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins
Fluid mosaic model- creates a sea in which molecules can float
Bilayer is tail to tail
Heads are on the outside, polar and attracted to water which is also polar
Tails make up the non-polar middle of the bilayer which repels water-soluble substances

8. Organelles
Cell Membrane cont’d:
Receptors- proteins found on the outside of the membrane which transmit signals into the cell
Inner surface proteins anchor the membrane to the cell’s internal support structures giving it shape
Transport proteins- move needed substances or waste materials through the membrane
Cholesterol- Prevents the fatty-acid tails from sticking together aiding the fluidity of the membrane
Carbohydrates aid the receptors in identifying chemical signals

9. Cell Membrane

10. Organelles
Cytoplasm (cytosol)- Jelly-like substance that fills the cell
Cushions and protects the organelles from damage
Allows for organelles to float

11. Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum-
Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as a site for ribosome attachment
Always some attached to the outside of the nucleus
Smooth- Has no ribosomes
Rough- Contains ribosomes
Associated with protein synthesis

12. Organelles Ribosomes- Responsible for protein synthesis
Use amino acids from RNA code

13. Organelles Mitochondria- “Power house”
Produces energy (ATP) from glucose
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is stored energy
Converted to ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) to release energy from the broken bond

14. Organelles Golgi Complex (body, apparatus)- “Factory” or Warehouse”
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles
Vesicles fuse with membrane to release materials to the outside environment during active transport (exocytosis)

15. Organelles
Lysosome- Digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles
“Suicide sacs”

16. Organelles
Cytoskeleton- A supporting network of long, thin protein fibers form a framework for the cell and provide an anchor for the organelles inside the cell
Microfilament- Thin, protein threads that help give cell shape and parts to move
Microtubule- Long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton and assist in movement of substances

17. Organelles
Centrioles- Groups of microtubules that that function during cell division
Not found in plant cells

18. Organelles
Vacuole- Membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelle responsible for storage
Sometimes for ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion of excess water

19. Organelles
Chloroplasts- Organelles that contain chlorophyll which captures energy from sunlight
Convert light energy from sun into chemical energy (glucose) during photosynthesis
Thylakoids- Inside/many small disk-shaped compartments of chlorophyll
Belong to a group of cells called plastids
Not found in animal cells

20. Organelles
Cell Wall- Thick, rigid mesh of fibers that surrounds the plasma membrane for extra structure and support
Allows plants to stand at various heights
Made of cellulose

21. Organelles
Cilia (cilium)- Short, numerous projections on the outside of some cells that look like hairs
Wave movement for locomotion
Found on respiratory tract and fallopian tubes
Paramecium
Flagella (flagellum)- Long, less numerous projections on the outside of some cells that look like tails
Whip-like movement for locomotion
Found on sperm cells
Euglena

23. Plant vs. Animal