2. Heterotrophic Nutrition

3. Organisms that obtain food are heterotrophs Ingestion- Taking in food Digestion- Breaking down food 2 Types: 1. Intracellular digestion- digestion inside a single cell (unicellular organisms) 2. Extracellular digestion- digestion within a system (multi-cellular organisms). Ex) Inside the stomach and small intestine Egestion- Removal of undigested food (solid wastes)

4. Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion- Physical breakdown (teeth cut, tear, grind, and chew food in mouth) – Also occurs in stomach – provides large surface area for chemical digestion! Chemical Digestion a.k.a Enzymatic Hydrolysis- Chemical breakdown with water and enzymes. With enzymes, organic compounds like carbs, proteins, and lipids are broken into their USABLE NUTRIENTS!

5. Human Nutrition Nutrition- Those activities by which organisms obtain and process nutrients Nutrients- Usable parts of food Nutrients Absorbed without digestion: Vitamins Minerals Water

6. Six Main Nutrients Absorbed without digestion: Water Vitamins Minerals Absorbed with digestion: Carbs.  glucose Proteins  amino acids Lipids  glycerol & fatty acids

7. Roughage- Fiber, indigestible food that contains cellulose Ex) fruits, vegetables, whole grains

8. The Path of Food Mouth – Salivary amylase – Carbohydrate digestion – Mechanical & chemical digestion Esophagus – No digestion – Peristalsis starts-involuntary muscle contractions push food down

9. Stomach – Muscular – Acidic gastric juice – Protein digestion – Mechanical & Chemical

10. Small intestine – Chemical digestion – Carbs, Proteins & Lipids – Nutrient Absorption – Contain villi – Villi- Contain cappilaries, increase surface area The Intestines

11. Large Intestine No digestion here Water is reabsorbed

12. Accessory Organs Food does not pass through Liver- makes bile to emulsify fats/lipids Gall Bladder- Stores bile Pancreas- provides the small intestine with protease, lipase, amylase (enzymes)

14. What kind of digestion does this organism perform?

15. What substance produced by the liver performs emulsification? Is emulsification mechanical or chemical digestion?

16. Where does all nutrient absorption occur? Name the finger-like projections surrounded by capillaries found in the Sm. Intestine?

17. Name the process occuring here in the esophagus. Does digestion occur here?

18. Which organ produces acidic gastric juice? What compound is broken down there?

20. Malfunctions of the Digestive System Heartburn Gastric juice enters esophagus Treat with medicine Gallstones Hardened Cholesterol

21. Ulcers open sores inside of stomach Treated with antacids, diet, surgery.

22. Appendicitis Inflammation of Appendix. Can be removed

23. Constipation- Difficulty with egestion because too much water is reabsorbed by L.I. Diarrhea- Causes dehydration, not enough water is reabsorbed by L.I.

24. Indicators: Indicate the presence of a substance in a mixture pH Paper/Litmus Paper: Indicates pH Blue Benedict’s Solution: Indicates presence of monosaccharides (glucose) Color Change Blue  Orange/Red must heat

25. Lugol’s Iodine Solution: Indicates polysaccharides (starch) Color Change Brown  Blue/Black Unglazed Paper: Indicates lipids Turns translucent (clear)

26. Digestive System Journey Digestive System