1. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Chapter 5. Macromolecules

2. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

3. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Polymers  Long molecules built by linking chain of repeating smaller units  polymers  monomers = repeated small units  covalent bonds

4. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com How to build a polymer  Condensation reaction  dehydration synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  1 monomer provides OH  the other monomer provides H  together these form H 2 O  requires energy & enzymes

5. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com How to break down a polymer  Hydrolysis  use H 2 O to break apart monomers  reverse of condensation reaction  H 2 O is split into H and OH  H & OH group attach where the covalent bond used to be  ex: digestion is hydrolysis

6. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Carbohydrates

7. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com So what’s all this talk about carbs? Atkin’s Diet South Beach Diet

8. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars & starches

9. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

10. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com What functional groups? carbonyl ketone aldehyde hydroxyl

11. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Sugar structure  5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions  in cells! Carbons are numbered

12. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O

13. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch

14. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | glucose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

15. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose glycosidic linkage monosaccharidesdisaccharide | sucrose structural isomers

16. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  building materials = structure  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

17. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Branched vs linear polysaccharides

18. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  How does structure influence function…

19. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Digesting starch vs. cellulose

20. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth

21. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple  rice cakes  corn flakes  bagel  peanut M&M

22. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Glycemic index  Ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels  Carbohydrate foods that breakdown quickly during digestion have the highest glycemic indices. Their blood sugar response is fast & high.

23. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Glycemic index  Which food will get into your blood more quickly?  apple36  rice cakes82  corn flakes84  bagel72  peanut M&M33

24. MCC BP Based on work by K. Foglia www.kimunity.com Let’s build some Carbohydrates!