2.  Laparoscopy/endoscopy  Ultrasound  Blood tests  Hystero-salpingogram

3.  Laparoscopy is a procedure that doctors use to look inside the abdomen  A small cut is made in the abdominal wall and a laparoscope is passed through it into the abdomen  A laparoscope is a thin, bendy microscope with a light on the end  The images picked up by the laparoscope are displayed on a television monitor so that the surgeon can see

4.  Uses: › It can be used to look at the abdominal organs, take tissue samples (biopsy) and even carry out small operations (known as keyhole surgery). › It can help them to identify and diagnose a range of conditions, including appendicitis and ovarian cysts.  An invasive procedure  http://www.layyous.com/root%20folder/lapar oscopy_videoclips.htm http://www.layyous.com/root%20folder/lapar oscopy_videoclips.htm

5.  Endoscopy is the direct visual examination of any part of the inside of the body, using an endoscope.  An endoscope is a long, tube-like optical viewing instrument with a lens and light source.  It is used to view the internal body organs. It may be inserted through the mouth, anus or small cut in the skin, which the endoscope can then be passed through.

6.  Ultrasound involves exposing part of the body to high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body.  A transducer sends the sound waves into the body.  The sound waves bounce off parts of the body and form ‘echoes’.  The transducer records these echoing waves and displays them on a computer so an image can be seen.  Uses: › Look for and monitor pregnancy › Look for ectopic pregnancies

7.  Uses: › To detect imbalances in hormones and antibody levels › In pregnancy, can be used to detect an ectopic pregnancy

8.  Hystero-salpigogram (HSG) is an x-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes  The uterine cavity is filled with a radio opaque fluid so that the parts of the reproductive system become visible  Uses for Infertility checks: › Fallopian tube blockages or damaged tubes › Uterine abnormalities  Less invasive than a laproscopy

9.  Infertility (already done)  Ectopic pregnancy  Endometriosis

10. CCondition: ›E›Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial tissue (cells that normally grow inside the uterus, but in a location outside of the uterus. ›E›Endometriosis is most commonly found on other organs of the pelvis. CCauses: ›U›Unknown SSymptoms: ›S›Sometimes none ›P›Painful and heavy periods ›P›Painful ovulation ›I›Infertility ›O›Other symptoms related to endometriosis include : aabdominal pain, ddiarrhea and/or constipation, llow back pain

11.  Diagnosis: › Laparoscopy  Treatment: › medication and surgery for both pain relief and treatment of infertility.

12.  Condition › Implantation of a fertilised egg in the oviduct/fallopian tube(not in the uterus) › Pregnancy does not go to full term as the growth of the fertilised egg causes the tube to rupture resulting in internal bleeding

13.  Causes › An infection e.g. pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), Chlamydia or inflammation of the tube may have partially or entirely blocked it › Endometriosis or scar tissue from previous abdominal or fallopian surgeries can also cause blockages. › More rarely, birth defects or abnormal growths can alter the shape of the tube and disrupt the egg's progress.

14.  Symptoms › There are three classic signs of an ectopic pregnancy:  one-sided lower abdominal pain  vaginal bleeding  positive pregnancy test. › the levels of pregnancy hormone (HCG) in the blood do not rise appropriately.  Diagnosis › Ultrasound can sometimes be helpful in diagnosing › Blood tests – check level of pregnancy hormone  Treatment › Surgery – laparoscopy but could damage the tube and cause infertility › Drugs – methotrexate used to kill the pregnancy tissue and allow the body to reabsorb it