1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-1 Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Chapter 10 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-2 Conception The union of a sperm cell and ovum 200 to 400 million sperm Ovum Zona pellucida Gelatinous layer that surrounds the ovum Hyaluronidase Enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-3 Conception Optimizing the chances of conception Basal body temperature (BBT) chart Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing hormone Tracking vaginal mucus Additional considerations

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-4 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Infertility Inability to conceive a child

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-5 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility Chronic disease Injury to the testes (continued)

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-6 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems (continued) Autoimmune response Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-7 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Artificial insemination Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-8 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems Irregular ovulation Obstructions or malfunctions of the reproductive tract Endometeriosis Declining hormone levels (continued)

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-9 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued) Endometriosis Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation ( continued)

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-10 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued) Laparoscopy A long, narrow tube is inserted through an incision in the navel Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic cavity

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-11 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents In vitro fertilization (IVF) Mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-12 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Ovum is fertilized in a lab dish and then placed in a fallopian tube Donor IVF Ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-13 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Embryonic transfer A woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-14 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Surrogate motherhood A woman is impregnated with sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination Carries the embryo and fetus to term Gives the child to the prospective parents

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-15 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Adoption

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-16 Canadian Legislation Governing Reproductive Technology Act Respecting Assisted Human Reproduction Banning cloning of humans Banning the selection of a baby’s sex Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-17 Pregnancy Early signs of pregnancy Missing a period Pregnancy tests Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Hormone produced by women shortly after conception (continued)

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-18 Pregnancy Pregnancy tests (continued) Hegar’s sign Softness of a section of the uterus Early effects of pregnancy Tenderness of the breasts (continued)

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-19 Pregnancy Pregnancy tests (continued) Early effects of pregnancy (continued) Morning sickness Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-20 Pregnancy Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion Sex during pregnancy Safe throughout the pregnancy Decline in sexual interest

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-21 Pregnancy Psychological changes during pregnancy 1 st trimester 2 nd trimester 3 rd trimester Sympathetic pregnancy Father experiences pregnancy signs

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-22 Prenatal Development Nagele’s rule First day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-23 Germinal Stage Germinal stage Before implantation in the uterus Period of the ovum Blastocyst Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-24 Germinal Stage Embryonic disk Platelike inner part of the blastocyst Trophoblast Outer part of the blastocyst Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord development

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-25 Embryonic Stage Embryonic stage From implantation through 8 th week Differentiation of the major organ systems Cephalocaudal From the head downward Proximodistal From the central axis of the body outward

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-26 Embryonic Stage Ectoderm Outermost cell layer Skin and nervous system Neural tube Hollow area from which the nervous system will develop

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-27 Embryonic Stage Endoderm Inner layer Lungs and digestive system Mesoderm Central layer Bones and muscles

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-28 Embryonic Stage Amniotic sac Sac containing the fetus Amniotic fluid Suspends and protects the fetus

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-29 Embryonic Stage Placenta Relay station between mother and fetus Exchange of nutrients and waste Umbilical cord Tube connecting fetus to placenta

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-30 Fetal Stage 9 th week until birth Fetal movements Age of viability Fetus can sustain independent life Cephalic presentation Emergence of the baby head first (continued)

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-31 Fetal Stage (continued) Breech presentation Emergence of the baby feet first

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-32 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Maternal diseases and disorders Teratogens Environmental influences or agents that damage an embryo or fetus

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-33 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Rubella (German measles) Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection Miscarriage or stillbirth

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-34 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Destroys white blood cells in the immune system Toxemia Life threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-35 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Ectopic pregnancy Fertilized ovum becomes implanted somewhere other than in the uterus Rh incompatibility Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus Fetal erythoblastosis

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-36 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Medications taken by the mother (and father) Antibiotics Tranquilizers and sedatives Acne drugs and antihistamines Hormones Progestin and DES

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-37 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Critical periods of vulnerability Embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-38 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Vitamins Street drugs Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Cigarette smoking Other agents

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-39 Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities Averting chromosomal and genetic abnormalities Genetic counseling Blood tests

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-40 Childbirth “dropping” or “lightening” Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes dislodged Braxton-Hicks contractions False labour contractions (continued)

41. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-41 Childbirth (continued) Prostaglandins Uterine hormones Oxytocin Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions

42. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-42 Stages of Childbirth First stage Efface Dilate Transition Second stage Cervix is fully dilated (continued)

43. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-43 Stages of Childbirth (continued) Second stage (continued) Ends with the birth of the baby Episiotomy Incision in the perineum Third stage In the new world

44. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-44 Methods of Childbirth Anesthetized childbirth Natural childbirth No anesthesia Other strategies for coping with discomfort Educated about childbirth

45. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-45 Methods of Childbirth Prepared childbirth Lamaze method Relax and breathe to conserve energy and lessen pain A coach is present at childbirth

46. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-46 Methods of Childbirth Cesarean section Fetus is delivered through surgical incision in the abdomen Advised when a normal delivery is difficult Transverse position Crosswise birth position

47. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-47 Birth Problems Anoxia Oxygen deprivation Preterm and low birth weight children Born before 37 weeks of gestation Neurological and developmental problems

48. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-48 Postpartum Period Maternal depression Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period Despair and apathy Changes in appetite and sleep, low self- esteem, difficulty concentrating

49. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-49 Postpartum Period Breast-feeding Does breast-feeding affect sexual behaviour? Prolactin Stimulates production of milk Lactation Production of milk by the mammary glands

50. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-50 Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation Lochia Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery Resumption of sexual activity Six-week waiting period

51. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada10-51 End of Chapter 10