2. Chapter 2: A Mathematical Toolkit Dr. Zalesinsky

3. 2.1 Scientific Measurement SI UnitsConversions Scientific Notation 2.2 Measurements with Uncertainties Sig Figs Operations with Sig Figs 2.3 Visualizing Data Graphs Relationships

4. The Metric System Length or distance is measured in meters Mass is measured in grams Volume or capacity is measured in liters Time is measured in seconds Energy is measured in Joules Temperature is measured in Kelvin (not degrees) Quantity is measured in moles Length or distance is measured in meters Mass is measured in grams Volume or capacity is measured in liters Time is measured in seconds Energy is measured in Joules Temperature is measured in Kelvin (not degrees) Quantity is measured in moles

5. The Liter (L)

6. The Meter (m) The meter is slightly longer than a yard 1 inch = 2.54 cm (this is the only English to metric conversion you must know

7. Gram (g) A gram’s mass is approximately the mass of 2 paperclips. Many medicines are massed by their active ingredients in grams or parts of a gram.

8. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION The really small and really large

9. Scientific Notation Scientific notation is the idea of writing a very large or small number as a power of 10. Move the decimal so that there’s only ONE non-zero digit in front of the decimal and the number of places it has been moved is the exponent. Examples to follow

10. Scientific Notation Examples

11. Using Scientific Notation with Calculator Find the EE or EXP button on your calculator (not the 10 x nor the SCI buttons)

12. TI Graphing Calculator

13. Examples Do this calculation: (don’t type in the “x 10 part—use the EE or EXP button) Multiply:(8.76 x 10 -10 )(7.9 x10 11 ) = 692 or 6.92x10 2 Divide: (9.43x10 43 )/(7.33x10 23 ) = (approximate) 1.3 x10 20 be careful to turn your display into correct scientific notation 1.3 20 is not the same!

14. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Uncertainty in Measurement

15. English to Metric Comparisons Which is larger? 1.Meter or yard 2.Mile or Kilometer 3.Gallon or liter 4.Pound or gram 5.Quart or liter 6.Centimeter or inch 7.Gram or ounce What is the abbreviation for each unit? 1.Meter = _____ 2.Gram = _____ 3.Liter = ______ 4.Second = ______ 5.Joule = _______ 6.Mole = _______ What is the abbreviation for each unit? 1.Meter = _____ 2.Gram = _____ 3.Liter = ______ 4.Second = ______ 5.Joule = _______ 6.Mole = _______

16. Metric Abbreviations The BASE units for the metric system are gram, liter, meter, second, Kelvin, Joule and mole. There are larger and smaller portions of each of these Their abbreviations come in front of the unit’s abbreviation (ex. centimeter = cm)

17. Larger and Smaller Prefixes Larger 1 billion = GIGA (G) 1 million = MEGA (M) 1,000 = kilo (k) 100 = hecto (h) 10 = deca (D, dk, or da) Smaller 1trillion = pico (p) 1 billion = nano (n) 1 million = micro (  ) 1,000 = milli (m) 100 = centi (c ) 10 = deci (d)

18. Match the abbreviation with the name 1.Cm = ________ 2.mg = ________ 3.ML = ________ 4.Gg = ________  s = ________ 6.km = _______ 7.mL = _______ 8.kJ = ________ 9.mm= _______ 10.Dg = _______ 1.Centimeter 2.Milligram 3.Megaliter 4.Gigagram 5.Microsecond 6.Kilometer 7.Milliliter 8.Kilojoule 9.Millimeter 10.Decagram

19. Conversions KiloHectoDecaUNITDeciCentiMilli 1.0 100 3.09 2594 73.60 0.000765 0.763 730638 84300

20. Conversions GMkhDunitdcmnp 1.0 3.9 1x10- 9 7x 10 6 403 7.62 27 848 626

21. Significant Figures Read the correct number of significant figures

22. Measure the following using significant figures

23. Use Sig. Figs to find this measurement

24. Use the correct number of sig. figs in this measurement

25. What digit would be estimated in using Ruler A? A.Ones B.Tenths C.Hundredths D.Thousandths E.Tens

26. What decimal place is estimated when using Ruler B? A.OnesD. Thousandths B.TenthsE. Tens C.Hundredths

27. Measure the width of the rectangle using the correct number of sig figs. A.3. 75 cmD. 3.60 cm B.3.6 cmE. 4.25 cm C.2. 6 cm

28. Measure the length of the rectangle using the correct number of sig figs. A.12.55 cmC. 12.0 cmE. 13.50 cm B.12. 5 cmD. 13. 5 cm

29. How many sig figs should be in the correct measurement of the length of this rectangle? A.2 sig figsC. 4 sig figsE. 1 sig fig B.3 sig figsD. 5 sig figs

30. The width of this rectangle is 0.90 cm. How many significant figures are in this measurement? A.3 sig figsD. infinite sig figs B.2 sig figsE. none of the above C.1 sig fig

31. Data Table 1.1 Dimension WXYZ Length (cm) Longer side Width (cm) Shorter side

32. Data Table 1.2 Rectangle Measured Length # of sig figs in Length Measured Width Number of Sig Figs in Width W X Y Z

33. Data Table 1.5 Dimension WXYZ Length (cm) Longer side Width (cm) Shorter side

34. Data Table 1.6 Rectangle Measured Length # of sig figs in Length Measured Width Number of Sig Figs in Width W X Y Z

35. CALCULATIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Calculating with Uncertainty

36. Multiplication and Division with Sig Figs The least number of sig figs in the input is equal to the number of sig figs in the answer (output). Remember all conversion factors and counted numbers have INFINITE sig figs! Example: 8.03 g x 4.0 cm 3 /g = ?

37. Addition and Subtraction with Sig Figs The least number of decimal places in the input is the same number of decimal places in the output (answer). 12.573 m + 3847.9 m - 378 m = ? 3482.473 (unrounded) 3482 rounded to the correct number of decimal places

38. Calculations with Sig Figs 1.A rectangle has a width of 5.0 cm and a length of 8.40 cm. What is the area of this rectangle in cm 2 ? ___________ 2.A rectangular prism has the following measurements: length 8.54 cm, width 7.80cm, and height 10.00 cm. What is the volume in cm 3 ? ______________

39. Data Table 1.2 RectangleMeasured Length (cm) # of Sig Figs in Length Measured Width (cm) # of Sig Figs in Width W12.2310.13 X13.630.71 Y3.322.42 Z20.232.52 Data Table 1.3 RectangleJustified # of Sig Fig in Area Unrounded Area (cm 2 ) Rounded Area (cm 2 )

40. Data Table 1.6 RectangleMeasured Length (cm) # of Sig Figs in Length Measured Width (cm) # of Sig Figs in Width W12.19410.094 X13.514.612 Y3.2732.493 Z20.1942.383 Data Table 1.7 RectangleJustified # of Sig Fig in Area Unrounded Area (cm 2 ) Rounded Area (cm 2 )

41. VISUALIZING DATA 2.3

42. Linear Relationships Dependent (y) and independent (x) variables when graphed form a straight line Slope is positive if they are DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL Slope is negative if they are INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

43. Nonlinear Relationships Quadratic equations relate parabolic relationships Some inverse relationships are hyperbolic

44. Practice Problem Create a graph from the data chart given Describe the relationship (linear or non) If linear, find slope (in/direct) Volume of oil (cc) Concentration (ppm) 00 301.3 401.5 482.0 493.0 5111.0