1. CHAPTER 20 AN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 1860-1914

2. STANDARD TIME Who started standard time/time zones? – Railroads altered time for all of America – Standard time divided America into 4 zones – Helped railroads maintain schedules

3. STEEL INDUSTRY Why was the steel industry such an important industry? – Used in building railroad tracks – Used for barbed wire, nails, and beams for buildings BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS new manufacturing technique cost less than previous methods to make steel used less than 1/7 amount of coal than older processes used

4. RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 In July of 1877, the Baltimore & Ohio railroad cut workers’ wages by 10% Workers refused to run the trains the day the pay cut was to take effect (no labor union called the strike; workers themselves did) As news spread, workers in other cities began to strike, as well This threw the nation into turmoil Federal troops were called out; dozens of people were killed

5. THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR

6. People began to fear labor unions Thought union ideas might spread to workers in all areas/jobs Haymarket Affair occurred May 4, 1886 – Unknown person threw a bomb – 7 police officers were killed – 60 people were wounded After this riot, police arrested hundreds of union leaders, socialists and anarchists Opposition to unions increased Membership in Knights of Labor decreased

7. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

8. John D. Rockefeller Lived 1839 – 1937 Born to a poor family in New York state Learned to be frugal (not wasteful) By 1897 he had made millions of dollars Spent most of his life donating money to several worthy causes MONOPOLY—Rockefeller monopolized the oil industry by buying up his competition TRUST—he created the Standard Oil Trust (controlled prices of oil)

9. ANDREW CARNEGIE

10. Andrew Carnegie Lived 1835 – 1919 Born in Scotland Moved to Pennsylvania at age 12 His first job was in a cotton mill Also worked in a telegraph office Created a monopoly in steel industry – Bought companies that contributed to steel industry – Wiped out his competition

11. SWEATSHOPS

12. Sweatshops – Workers labored long hours – Children were often employed (used) – Work was repetitive and boring – Work was sometimes dangerous Small children were used to clean out insides of big machines Sometimes machines were turned back on before the worker was completely out, causing injury or death

13. PULLMAN STRIKE

14. The Pullman Strike began in 1894 Many railroad companies went bankrupt Pullman Palace Car Company (which made railroad cars) had to stay in business – Cut worker’s pay by 25% – Did not lower the rent it charged workers to live in company housing – Workers took home almost no money after rent was paid

15. AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR Founded in 1886 Led for 37 years by Samuel Gompers This group focused on improving working conditions Used strikes, boycotts and negotiation to gain shorter working hours and better pay for workers

16. Effects of Transcontinental Railroads on Native Americans

17. RAILROADS CAUSE CHANGES Railroads carried hunters across the country – Hunters killed large herds of buffalo, thereby limiting buffalo that Indians hunted Railroads carried miners across the country Populations were increased land was taken Indians were pushed off their lands

18. Union Pacific/Central Pacific Railroads Union Pacific – Started in Nebraska; built toward the west – Received large grants and government loans – Hired men from many different backgrounds The largest group of men were of Irish background

19. Central Pacific Railroad Central Pacific – Started in California; built toward the east – Received large grants and government loans – Faced a severe labor shortage; most men wanted to mine – Hired mostly Chinese workers – Work in the mountains was dangerous – Workers had to use dynamite to blast rock