1. ChE 414 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II
Instructor
Dr. C. Niu
September, 2006

2. Website: http://www.engr.usask.ca/classes/CHE/414/index.html
Text: ChE Laboratory Manual
(available online at course website)
Office hours: Thurs & Fri 10:00 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.
Rm: 1C129 Eng. Bld.

3. What Labs ? Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth
Packed Column: Pressure Drop and Flooding
Filtration
Centrifugal Pump

4. What Courses related? Surge Tank: CHE 413, 423
(process dynamics and control);
CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)
Fermentation: CHE 461 (biochemical engineering)
Packed column: CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer)
Filtration: CHE 315, 421 (mass transfer);
Centrifugal Pump: CHE 210, 320 (fluid mechanics)

5. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Develop skills in
- Equipment operation
- Data recording
- Analysis of the data using academic theory
- Technical report writing
in the selected typical Chem. Eng. processes

6. Marking Lab performance: (4X2.5%) Lab notebook: 10%
Technical letters: (2X10%)
Brief report: 25%
Formal report: 35%
Overall mark: 100%
No exam

7. Plagiarism is DEFINITELY NOT acceptable!
Copy other people’s report
Citing without referencing the source
Plagiarism results in 0 mark for the report
Be aware of & Follow the new University of Saskatchewan Academic Honesty/Dishonesty definitions, rules and procedures

8. Due Date and Overdue Penalty
2 weeks after the experiment date.
10 “free” late hand-in days for the whole course
Indicate on your report when use it.
Penalty
10% of the full marks (100) per week (2%/day) deducted from the late reports
submissions will NOT be accepted after
Dec. 18th, 2006.

9. Requirements Lab performance Write-ups: technical writing
Fundamentals of each lab

10. Lab performance Be prepared for:
Objectives
Theory / knowledge
Design of experiment
Parameters to be measured
Apparatuses, procedures and principles
Find out: what to learn
Initiate the contact for the pre-lab help
with the demonstrators & the lab coordinator

11. Lab performance Follow the experimental procedures
During the experiments:
Follow the experimental procedures
Record observations in Lab Notebook
Test the validity of data and/or results
Pay attention to SAFETY issues
personnel
equipment

12. Write-ups / Reports Technical memo Brief report Formal report
Lab notebook: during the experiments

13. Write-ups / Reports Evaluate
- understanding from the experimental labs.
- technical writing skills
Technical content: academic theory, results.
Writing: organized, neat
Language: no grammar or typographic error
Communication: clearly delivery

14. Write-ups / Reports One student is required to hand in
2 technical letters
1 brief report
1 formal report
1 lab notebook

15. Write-ups / Reports No repetition in each group for formal report
brief report
technical letters

16. Write-ups / Reports You Your partner Tech. letters Labs A and B
Labs C and D
Brief report
Lab C
Lab A
Formal report
Lab D
Lab B
Lab notebook
Labs A,B,C,D
In one group, you may label the 4 labs by A, B, C, and D in your own order.
Each member of the group should keep the same order.

17. Permanently bounded & recorded
Lab Notebook
No sheets of paper
Permanently bounded & recorded
Briefly outline the title, apparatus, experimental conditions and procedures before labs
Suggest making table for recording data
Record clearly all original observations
& simple calculations of data
MUST be examined, dated and initialed by the TAs before leaving the laboratory
At the precise moment when a particular observation is made, it might seem unimportant, but sometime later that could prove too be the most significant aspect of the entire exercise.

18. Lab Notebook Refer to ChE 333 class website for
RULES FOR LABORTORY NOTEBOOKS
Submit the lab notebook
at the end of the term for marking

19. Technical Memorandum Body of text: maximum two pages Introduction
- concise introduction of the system used
- a brief statement of the objectives of the experiment
- a general description of the procedure followed
Results
- discussions and comparison of all required results with values from literature
- equations used
- a brief table of results or major graphs attached to support the conclusions. 
Conclusions and recommendations
Sign your memo on the last page below the text

20. From: (your name, group X) Re: (Lab name)
To:
From: (your name, group X)
Re: (Lab name)
Date: (of the preparation of the memo)
Your group logo
(optional)
The text of memo is put here below the line.

21. PRESENTATION (FORMAT) 3 READABILITY TECHNICAL CONTENT
ChE TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GRADE SHEET
Student: ______________________________________
Experiment: ______________________________________
Due Date: ___/___/___ Date Rec’d: ___/___/___ Late Penalty: ___ %
MAX
MARK
PRESENTATION (FORMAT) 3
READABILITY
TECHNICAL CONTENT
(RESULTS & CONCL.) 4
Total 10

22. Formal Technical Report
Title page and Table of Contents
Abstract
Table of contents, table of figures, table of tables
Introduction
Review of theory or literature
Experimental Section: apparatus and procedure
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Nomenclature
Reference
Appendices

23. Formal Technical Report
Title page
Course number
Name (Your name and state the partner’s name)
Lab title
Prepared for (instructor’s name)
Date lab done
Date report due
Table of contents

24. Formal Technical Report
Abstract
State briefly the purpose of the investigation
Describe briefly how the results are obtained
Give all required results in a concise and quantitative format if possible.
Use words, no tables, figures and equations
Normally no more than 250 words.

25. Formal Technical Report
Introduction
Include information on the subject of the investigation and its importance in industry
Cite the references;
Describe clearly the objectives of the lab.

26. Formal Technical Report
Literature review or theory
Provide sufficient theoretical background
to the particular experiments
Develop the equations or models to correlate your experimental data.
detailed derivation placed in Appendix
Describe how to obtain the model parameters and predict the particular system
Cite the references

27. Formal Technical Report
Apparatus and Experimental Procedures
Specify the main apparatuses used
make, model and use
Describe the procedures
Highlight important experimental conditions
Give the names of quality of the materials.
Make sure other people can repeat your work and obtain the same results if they follow your description.

28. Formal Technical Report
Results and Discussions
Present the significant experiment results
required in the Lab Manual in words and graphs.
State the data treatment processes and the outcomes.
Discuss the results of experiments and model simulations or predictions.
Compare your results with that in literatures if available.
Logically discuss and lead to conclusions.

29. Attention Consistent format
The unit for every parameters in the equations has to be conformed.
Figures or Tables in the body of text
Titles of figures, axes, and tables
Briefly state the experimental conditions
Experimental data: represented by unique symbol for each group of data in figures
Modeling curves: different lines with legends
Show model significance when fitting models

30. error bar: 95% confidence interval
Modeling the effect of IS on Cr uptakes 40±1 mg AWUS, 20±0.2 mL solution

31. Formal Technical Report
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions should be summarized following the discussions.
Lists your suggestions on how we can improve the labs.

32. Formal Technical Report
Nomenclature
Completely lists the symbols that appear in your report, their definition and unit in a professional and consistent format.
Refer to a published paper.

33. Formal Technical Report
Reference
Completely lists every reference cited, mentioned or used in the text of the report in a professional and consistent format.
Follows either the number order or the alphabetical order.

34. Formal Technical Report
Reference format examples
In the text:
……Adams concluded that ……1. However, that conclusion may be suspicious because ……2
In the Reference section:
References
1. Adams, A. B. title of publication. ……
2. Cook, H. M., Author #2, ……
Ref: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
or in the text:
It was concluded ( Adams, 2001) that ……. However, that conclusion may be suspicious (Davis and Volesky, 2001) because ……(Niu, et. al., 2005)
Adams, A. B. year, title of publication, publisher, page (book)
Davis, T. and B. Volesky, year, title of paper, volume, issue, pages (paper)
Niu, C., M. Huang and M.Volesky, year ….
Ref: Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering

35. Formal Technical Report
Appendices
Raw data (neat with tables)
Calculated data
Sample calculation (using a set of data to show the steps of calculations)
Tables and Figures

36. Brief Technical Report
Title page and Table of contents
Summary
a brief introduction stating the nature and purpose of the investigation
a brief explanation of the procedures and apparatuses a summary of all the required results 
Results and Discussion: include major graphs or tables
Conclusions
Recommendations
Appendices: only raw experimental data and a sample calculation
Absence of abstract, introduction, theory/literature review, materials and methods sections

37. A good report Careful measurements Correct calculations
Understanding and use of the theory or models
Logical discussions
Correct conclusions
Organized
Clarity
No grammar & typographical errors
References

38. Fundamentals of labs

39. Filtration A Standard Unit Operation:
physical separation of solid particles from liquid or gas.
a porous medium: fluid to pass through
solid particles to be retained.
Filter cake
Filter medium
Slurry flow
Filtrate

40. a filtration plant for Water Treatment System(

41. Filtration Theory The driving force of filtration separation:
the pressure upstream of the filter
Slurry flow
Filtrate
Filter medium
Filter cake L

42. Filtration Objectives:
- Determine the relationship between the upstream filter pressure and the flowrate
- Evaluate the applicability of the selected model
- Determine the model parameters
- Demonstrate the effect of filter aid (perlite) on the filtration of CaCO3 slurry
- Develop skills on design of a filtration process

43. Theory: The upstream filter pressure P (Pa) (Bennett and Myers, 1982)
Theory: The upstream filter pressure P (Pa) (Bennett and Myers, 1982) P=(K1V+K2)Q if the cake is incompressible For constant flowrate filtration Q, V=Qt, then P=K1Q2t+K2Q Plot P~t, get K1 and K2 where V: the volume of filtrate collected (m3) Q: the flowrate of filtrate (m3/s); t: time(s); K1 and K2 : constants, highly dependent on the characteristics of cake and filter medium, respectively

44. K1 and K2 values: Dependent on the characteristics
of cake, liquid and filter medium
Determined by measuring
the upstream filter pressure P
as a function of time at specific Q
Evaluate the resistances of the cake
and filter medium
for filter design:
theoretically predict the required driving force

45. Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth
Involves in Yeast growth on substrate glucose
Major end products:
Ethanol: beer, wine, fuel
yeast biomass: high poundage product million pounds/year

46. Yeast needed for daily life

47. Fermentation: Kinetics of Yeast Growth
Objectives:
- Demonstrate the yeast batch growth curve
- Determine the parameters of Monod equation.
- Calculate the yields of the products
- Design a fermentor for ethanol production

48. Fermentation theory (J.M. Lee, 1992)
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Substrate: glucose
Microorganism: yeast
Low oxygen concentration
theoretical yielded ethanol: 51.1% by weight

49. Typical growth curve for microorganism cells

50. Theory cont.

51. Theory cont.

52. Theory cont.

53. Theory cont.

54. Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics(
Common problem: propagation of disturbances between processes
Solution : surge tank
Damp out the changes of the inlet flowrate
Deliver a steadier outlet flowrate to the downstream process

55. Surge Tank Data Acquisition and Process Dynamics
Objectives:
- Evaluate the applicability of selected models relating the outlet flowrate versus head
- Derive and test mathematical models for the transient behavior of a liquid surge tank
- Record the data with automatic acquisition system - LabVIEW

56. Surge Tank
Data acquisition and control: a computer with LABVIEW Software package
Automation, more precise.
Collect data: water flow rate and water head in the tank
Familiar with the software

57. Surge Tank
qout
qin h A
h: the height of the liquid level in the surge tank (head) (ft);
qin: the inlet water flowrate (ft3/s);
qout: the outlet water flowrate (ft3/s)
A: the cross sectional area (ft2).

58. where the density of the liquid is constant
Surge Tank Theory
Mass balance at transient period:
t: time (s),
where the density of the liquid is constant

59. Theory cont. Flow exit a surge tank through a valve follows:
(D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.60)
qout ~ h½
e. g. qout = C1h½ (qout is linearly proportional to h½ )
qout = Co+C1h½ or
qout = Co+C1h½ + C2 (h½)2 + C3 (h½)3 +…+ Cn (h½)n
(n> 1, qout is non-linearly proportional to h½ )
Constant Ci is determined by fitting the above equations, respectively, to the experimental data (qout ~ h1/2) at steady state, where qout = qin. (Microsoft Excel)
Compare the fitting results of different models

60. Theory cont. Substituting the qout in the mass balance equation yields
non-linear differential equation:
Solutions:
Analytical:
closed-form, a general picture of the process behavior
independently of the particular values of the input variables
process design and control limited to linear processes
Numerical:
dependent on the values of the input variables.

61. Analytical Solution
Linearize the non-linear differential equation by Taylor series expansion of the non linear term around a point
(e.q. steady state) (Stephanopoulos, G., 1985, p )
Convert the differential equation to algebraic equation by Laplace transforming
(D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41, 67-70)
Invert the transform to get h as a function of time
(D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41)
Use this equation to describe the experimental data at unsteady state

62. Analytical Solution For example, qout = C1h½ ,
Linearize the non-linear differential equation:
(Stephanopoulos, G., 1985, p )
Take the first order of Taylor series expansion of the term qout
around a point (e.q. steady state):
Linear form
Subscript s represents the steady state.

63. Analytical Solution
Substitute the first order Taylor series expansion of qout in the differential equation,

64. Analytical Solution
Convert the differential equation to algebraic equation by Laplace transforming
(D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41, 67-70)
is Laplace transform of derivation variable h-hs
is Laplace transform of derivation variable qin-qin,s
s represents the Laplace function.

65. Analytical Solution
When the inlet flowrate is increased or decreased around certain steady state:
t<0
t≥0
Take the transform of Qin
t<0
t≥0

66. Input the time conditions,=
t≥0
Invert the transform,
(D. R. Coughanowr and L. B. Koppel, 1965, p.13-41)
t ≥ 0

67. Eularian theory: (Rice, RG, 1995)
Numerical Solution
Where qout = Co+C1h½ + C2 (h½)2 + C3 (h½)3 +…+ Cn (h½)n
n = 1, …n
Eularian theory: (Rice, RG, 1995)
Compare the analytical model solution with the numerical solution.
Use two equations of qout ~h1/2 at n=1 & n>1 for all cases in this lab.

69. Packed Column Gas-liquid counter-current flow in packed column:
Liquid: downwards flow
Gas: upwards flow
Flooding conditions
L in
L out
G in
G out

70. Design Criteria
pressure drop: caused by the resistance of packing to fluid flow.
The flood velocity: an important parameter for gas-liquid packed column design

71. Packed Column: Pressure Drop and Flooding
Objectives:
- Determine the relationship of pressure drop and the flowrate in a packed column
- Evaluate the applicability of Ergun equation for a single gas flow system
- To determine the pressure drop
and flooding condition in a gas-liquid system

72. Packed Column
Pressure drop for a single flow through packed bed-Ergun equation
(Treybal, R.E., 1980, P.200.)

73. for a gas-liquid flow through packed bed
Packed Column Theory
Flooding conditions
for a gas-liquid flow through packed bed
(B. Miline, 1994)
Y: a function of gas flowrate
a, b, e: constants for a specific system.
Symbol definition! Units!

74. Packed Column Models are empirical equations.
Different models fit differential systems.
Evaluate the applicability of the selected model for the experiment system

75. Centrifugal Pump
The most common type of fluid mover in the chemical industry
To convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped.

76. Centrifugal Pump
To determine the characteristics of a centrifugal pump including total head, brake horse power, efficiency and net positive suction power (NPSH) versus flowrate.
- To determine the size of a geometrically similar pump needed to pump against a total head of 100 feet of water at peak efficiency

77. Reference Books
C.O. Bennett & J.E. Myers, "Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer", 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
D.R. Coughanowr & L.B. Koppel, "Process Systems Analysis and Control", McGraw-Hill, 1965.
G. Stephanopoulos, “Chemical Process Control – Introduction to Theory Practice”, Prentice Hall, 1984.
J.M. Lee, "Biochemical Engineering", Prentice Hall, 1992, pp
R.E. Treybal, "Mass-Transfer Operations", McGraw-Hill, 1980.
R.S. Blicq. "Technically-Write!", Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 1981.
R.G. Rice, “Applied Mathematics and modeling for chemical engineers”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1995, pp231.

78. Other References Have your own references to make your report strong!
James R. Welty, Charles E. Wicks, Robert E. Wilson, and Gregory Rorrer, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2001
Jaime Benitez, Principles and Modern Applications of Mass Transfer Operations. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2002
Donald R. Coughanowr, Process Systems Analysis and Control. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1991
Hans, F. Ebel, Claus Bliefert, and William E. Russey, The Art of Scientific Writing. 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2004
Christie J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles. 4th Edition, Prentise-Hall, Inc. 2003
Milne, W.E., Numerical Solution of Differential Equations, Wiley, NY, 1953.
Quinney, D., Introduction to the numerical solution of differential equations, research Studies Press, NY, 1987.
Have your own references to make your report strong!

79. Important dates 19 Sep: Last day to change first term registration.
9 Oct: Thanksgiving (University Closed),
4 Dec: Last day of classes.
18 Dec: Last day to hand in laboratory reports and laboratory notebooks for marking

80. Summary Academic theory understanding Lab performance WRITEUPS
Successful!