1. Anatomy & Physiology
Introduction

2. Anatomy:
The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship to its parts
Anatomy is derived from the Greek word meaning “cutting up” which is still how we learn today through dissections.

3. Physiology:
The study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
It is a dynamic science that requires active experimentation.

4. Structural Levels of Organization
1. Atoms/Molecules
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Systems
6. Body
Structural Levels of Organization
COMPLEXITY
Differing levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism).
Organization is one of the most important characteristics of body structure.
Cell are considered to be the smallest “living” units of structure and function.

5. Anatomical Position
The body is in a erect or standing posture with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward.
The anatomical position is a reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.

6. “NOT” Anatomical Position
SUPINE
PRONE
Laying face upward
Laying face downward
Terms used to describe the position of the body when it’s NOT in the anatomical position.

7. ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
Hand out radio report

8. Anatomical Directions
Superior
Inferior
“toward the head”
Upper or above
“toward the feet”
Lower or below

9. Anatomical Directions
Anterior
Posterior
“front” or “in front of”
Ventral (toward the belly) can also be used instead of anterior
“back” or “in back of”
Dorsal (toward the back) can also be used instead of poster

10. Anatomical Directions
Medial
Lateral
towards the midline of the body
Toward the side of the body or away from midline

11. Anatomical Directions
Proximal
Distal
Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin of one of it’s parts
Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

12. Anatomical Directions
Superficial
Deep
Nearer the surface
Farther away from the body surface

13. Planes or Body Sections
Sagittal
Length-wise plane running from front to back.
Divides into left and right halves
Frontal (Coronal)
Length-wise plane running from side to side
Divides into anterior and posterior
Transverse
Horizontal or crosswise plane
Divides into upper and lower portions
Refer to page 7 in textbook.

14. Body Cavities
Inner fish

15. Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity
Organ-containing space in the anterior trunk of the body that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity
Includes the cranial and spinal cavities

16. Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Everything above the diaphragm
Mediastinum –
Trachea, heart, blood vessels
Pleural cavities –
Lungs
Everything below the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity -
Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of the large intestine
Pelvic cavity –
Lower sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

17. Ventral Body Cavity

18. Ventral Body Cavity RH- right hypochondriac region
RL- right lumbar region
RI- right iliac (inguinal) region
ER- epigastric region
UR- umbilical region
HR- hypogastric region
LH- left hypochondriac region
LL- left lumbar region
LI- left iliac (inguinal) region
The Abdomen can be divided into 9 for abdominal regions.
This makes it easier to locate organs.
Refer to page 9 in textbook.
Abdomen can also be divided into four quadrants: RU, LU, RL, and LL: refer to page 10 figure 1-6.

19. Ventral Body Cavity
An easier way to divide of the abdomen is to use the division of the abdomen into 4 quadrants.

20. Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial cavity – Brain Spinal cavity - Spinal cord
Refer to page 8 figure 1-4.

21. Body Regions
Subdivisions

22. Body Regions Axial Head Neck Torso or trunk Appendicular –
Upper and lower extremities

23. The Balance of Body Functions
Homeostasis

24. Balance of Body Functions
Homeostasis –
The body maintaining relatively constant conditions within the body or a relative constancy of the internal environment.
The body must constantly work to maintain or restore homeostasis.

25. Balance of Body Functions
Negative Feedback Loop –
Oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition. They change back toward a normal value – stabilize conditions.
Ex: Breathing heavier when exercising or producing more urine when there is more fluid in the body than usual.

26. Balance of Body Functions
Positive Feedback Loop –
Instead of opposing a change in the internal environment and causing a return to normal, these PFL’s temporarily amplify the change that is occurring.
Ex: Rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby or rapid sticking together of platelets to form a blood clot.

27. Maintaining Homeostatis
Our physiological feedback systems have three key features:
1. A receptor that can evaluate the stimulus (change in environment) and sends a message to…
2. An integrating center (Brain) that processes the information and sends a message to…
3. An effector that acts on the stimulus and causes a response (reaction) in the organism.