1. CASE STUDY RESEARCH CONTENT & PRESENTERS: Characteristics & Types of Case Studies Nur Haiyu binti Ishak Example of A Case Study Research Yusrina bintiHasan Strengths and Weaknesses Nur Syazwani

2. WHAT IS A CASE STUDY RESEARCH METHOD? ‘an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its reallife context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidences are used’ (Yin, 1984)

3. WHAT IS A CASE STUDY RESEARCH METHOD? A method use to study individual or institution in depth and details within its own concept. The subject can be individual, a small group, object, an organisation or process.

4. WHEN TO USE CASE STUDY METHOD? To answer questions like ‘how’ or ‘why’ When investigator has a little/no possibility to control the events Contemporary phenomenon in a real-life context (Yin, 1994)

5. TYPES OF CASE STUDIES Explanatory Exploratory Descriptive Intrinsic Instrumental Collective Single-case Multiple-case

6. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY RESEARCH a) Research Title Language Use By Bilingual Special Educators Of English Language Learners With Disabilities International Journal of Special Education. (2009). Vol. 24. No. 3; pg. 63-69. b) Researchers Involved Oneyda M. Paneque & Diane Rodriguez from East Carolina University

7. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY RESEARCH c) Research Objectives To examine the language use of five bilingual special education teachers of English Language Learners (ELLs) with disabilities. d) Research Questions Did the special education teachers use both English and Spanish for instruction? If so, how were English and Spanish used? Were there differences in the use of English and Spanish by the special education teachers?

8. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY RESEARCH e) Methodology Classroom observations. - The participants were observed during five class periods over the course of a six week period. - The observations were conducted by the principal investigator (PI) of this study. - The PI took notes during the class periods describing the context of the classroom learning situation.

9. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY RESEARCH Audio recordings of teacher lessons. - Each time the teacher was observed, the PI made audio recordings of the teacher lessons. - These recordings were later transcribed and coded for frequency of language used and how the language was used. Teacher Interviews. - After the last classroom observation, each teacher was interviewed individually to gather additional data on their use of English and Spanish in the classroom.

10. AN EXAMPLE OF EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY RESEARCH Three principles of data collection: Use multiple sources of evidence -Triangulation = searching converging findings from different sources -> increases construct validity Create a case study database - Case study notes (clear & available for later use) - Case study documents - Tabular materials (collected & created) - Narratives (initial open-ended answers to the study questions suggested by investigators) Maintain a chain of evidence

11. STRENGTHS Focuses on an individual or one aspect only which can allow for in depth and detail observation. Use various techniques of data collection including personal observation, interview and record/document related to aspects focus on in the study It enables the researcher to gain a holistic view of a certain phenomenon or series of events.

12. WEAKNESSES Need to collect data from a variety of sources which can be difficult to control. Data gathered maybe influenced by researcher`s bias. Although it allow indepth data gathering, the scope is not broad.

13. SOURCE OF EVIDENCESTRENGTHSWEAKNESSES Documentationstable - repeated review unobtrusive - exist prior to case study exact - names etc. broad coverage – extended time span retrievability - difficult biased selectivity reporting bias – reflects author bias access - may be blocked Archival RecordsSame as above precise and quantitative Same as above privacy might inhibit access Interviewstargeted - focuses on case study topic insightful – provides perceived causal inferences bias due to poor questions response bias incomplete recollection reflexivity – interviewee expresses what interviewer wants to hear

14. SOURCE OF EVIDENCESTRENGTHSWEAKNESSES Direct Observationreality - covers events in real time contextual – covers event context time-consuming selectivity – might miss facts reflexivity - observer's presence might cause change cost - observers need time Participant ObservationSame as above insightful into interpersonal behavior Same as above bias due to investigator's actions Physical Artifactsinsightful into cultural features insightful into technical operations selectivity availability

15. THE END Thank You…