1. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES

2. What the heck is an ORGANIC MACROMOLECULE? ORGANIC – found in living things MACRO – large / big All organic molecules are composed mainly of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen with other atoms such as: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

3. Basic organization For all macromolecules, there is a basic overall organization

4. How big is big? To give you an idea… CO 2 AMU: 40 Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) AMU: 184

5. Why study organic macromolecules? Can’t understand how something is built without knowing what it’s built out of These molecules form the basis of the structure of living things FORM AND FUNCTION – this statement refers to the fact that how something is SHAPED will determine what it can DO

6. Form and Function

7. NUTRIENT PROCESSING

8. Organic compounds Organic compounds have specific methods of representation

9. So they look all the same? The carbon atoms form the basic backbone of each macromolecule If all macromolecules are essentially made up of carbon and hydrogen, what makes each one physically and therefore, chemically different?

10. What makes them different Each macromolecule differs in how long the carbon backbone is, but also, what “additives” there are to the backbone chain These functional groups give each macromolecule different characteristics – for example making it more polar and therefore hydrophilic

11. Functional groups Hydroxyl groups Carboxyl groups Amino groups and sulfhydryl groups Phosphate groups Phosphate

12. Major macromolecules that we rely on Organisms therefore rely on 4 major classes of organic macrmolecules – all of which are basically a hydrocarbon chain with various functional groups attached to it

13. Carbohydrates These serve many purposes including:

14. MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE X 2

15. Dehydration synthesis This is accomplished by the use of enzymes in the human body – it doesn’t occur spontaneously on its own – if it did, think about what would happen every single time you contacted water! Therefore, some small bodied animals – kangaroo mouse that lives in the desert – can depend on this anabolic process to provide them with water – they don’t have to rely on exterior water sources

16. Dehydration Synthesis http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/ sbioac/biochem/condense.htm http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/ sbioac/biochem/condense.htm

17. Hydrolysis reactions (Hydro=water, lysis = split) Hydrolysis reactions are the opposing reaction to dehydration reactions – they add water in order to separate sub-units

18. Hydrolysis

19. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides

20. Glucose The most important and basic form of energy used by living things Comes in two forms http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/alpha betajglucose2.html http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/alpha betajglucose2.html

21. Purpose? Alpha and beta isomers are necessary for the production of various disaccharides

22. Disaccharides

23. Alpha vs. beta linkages An alpha linkage A beta linkage

24. Purpose of alpha and beta linkages? Alpha linkages are easier to break down by animals But beta linkages tend to be “tougher” to break down –

25. POLYSACCHARIDES Glycogen vs. starch

26. Cellulose

27. Chitin

28. Structural element: chitin The animal version of cellulose, chitin is used by anthropods (insects and other shellfish) as an exoskeleton

29. Fat – or Lipids An essential macromolecule used for:

30. LIPIDS

31. In animals, lipids from the main stores the fat

32. Oils

33. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats Carbon atoms can form single, double or triple bonds with each other

35. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

36. Liquid vs. solid

37. Phospholipid

38. STEROIDS Steroids are special lipids that have carbon rings inside of them

39. Steroids

40. Wax Found mainly in plants, and ofcourse, in some parts of animals (such as the ear)

41. Wax

42. DNA and RNA

43. Structure Nucleotides are strung together to form long chains that make up DNA and RNA

45. Relation Similar molecules – they are related because RNA is the working copy of DNA Think about it this way: DNA cannot leave the nucleus – it is the main blueprint

46. Base Pairs RNA DNA

48. Proteins Proteins are the “bricks” of organisms

49. PROTEINS Amino Acids – 20 in total

50. Peptide bond

51. Protein folding Proteins are complex – there are 4 levels of organization Secondary to tertiary structures are created by the folding of proteins on themselves due to the interaction of parts of the amino acid chain with itself

52. Primary structure

53. Secondary Structure

54. Tertiary Structure

55. Quarternary Structure

56. ..\SBI 4U CURRICULUM DOCUMENT\UNIT 1 Biochemistry\SBI 4U Biochemistry Appendix\SBI 4U Appendix B11 Protein animation.swf

57. Bonds that make proteins

58. DNA to RNA to Proteins Copying DNA to RNA is simple: they both have a 4 letter “alphabet” – so copying one from another is simple

59. Codon

61. DNA and RNA

62. Basis of Life DNA  RNA  PROTEIN