1. Biostatistics course Part 15 Correlation Dr. Sc. Nicolas Padilla Raygoza Department of Nursing and Obstetrics Division Health Sciences and Engineering University of Guanajuato Campus Celaya-Salvatierra

2. Biosketch Medical Doctor by University Autonomous of Guadalajara. Pediatrician by the Mexican Council of Certification on Pediatrics. Postgraduate Diploma on Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. Master Sciences with aim in Epidemiology, Atlantic International University. Doctorate Sciences with aim in Epidemiology, Atlantic International University. Associated Professor B, Department of Nursing and Obstetrics, Division of Health Sciences and Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Campus Celaya Salvatierra, Mexico. padillawarm@gmail.com

3. Competencies The reader will know how to relationate two quantitative variables. He (she) will know hos show two quantitative variables. He (she) will apply r Pearson to measure the relationship between two quantitative varibles.

4. Introduction There are two reasons why examine the relationship between two quantitative variables. Do the variable values trend to be higher o lesser to higher values of another variable? What is the value from a variable when we know the value of the second variable? To evaluate the degree of association between two quantitative variables, we use correlation.

5. Introduction Correlation is using to study a possible linear association (right line) between two quantitative variables. It say us how many is associated the two variables. First, we see how show the data and then quantify the strength of association between two quantitative variables.

6. Showing the relation A single and effective form to examine the relation between two quantitative variables is using a scattered points graph. Each point correspond at one subject.

7. Showing the relation From the graph, do we can say that there is an association between age and systolic blood pressure in these women? Yes, there seems to be an increase in systolic blood pressure, as age of women is higher. For each woman the age and systolic blood pressure values are using as coordinates in the graph. If you count the number of points, the add is 40; one point for each woman.

8. Showing the relation The graph shows the relations between hemoglobin levels and age from 15 women. For each women, the measures of age and hemoglobin are used as coordinates in the graph.

9. Showing the relation To find the values of x and y for a woman, plot a vertical line and an horizontal line until the cross. When specifically, we want to see if hemoglobin change with age: Age is the explicative variable for hemoglobin (independent or exposure) Hemoglobin is the response variable (dependent or outcome)

10. Correlation When look a scatter plot, we have an idea if there is an association between two quantitative variables. To measure the degree of association, we calculate the coefficient of correlation. Standard method is the correlation coefficient of Pearson, r.

11. Correlation By looking the graph of scattered points, we have an idea of whether there is an association between two numerical variables. To measure the degree of association, we calculate a coefficient of correlation. The standard method is the coefficient of correlation of Pearson, r.

12. Coefficient of correlation of Pearson, r Measures the dispersion of points around an underlying linear trend (straight line). It can take any value between - 1 and +1. The formula is: Ʃ (x-x)(y-y) r= ---------------- √ Ʃ (x-x) 2 (y-y) 2

13. Coefficient of correlation of Pearson, r 10 20 30 40 50 1 2 3 4 5 A Distance of point A from mean of X Distance from point A of mean of Y

14. Coefficient of correlation of Pearson, r r= +1r= -1

15. Correlation If there is a nonlinear relationship, the correlation is zero. But be careful, when r = 0, may have a strong linear relationship between two variables. Always examine the data graphically first

16. Assumptions from correlation A coefficient of correlation can be calculate in all dataset. It is more significative when the two variables have a Normal distribution. Data of this kind, will have a elliptical distribution. Another assumption to use correlation, is that all observations should be independents, meaning that only one observation for each variable should come from each individual in the study.

17. Interpretation of correlation Coefficient of correlation should be between -1 and +1. A value of +1 show a positive perfect correlation. A value of – 1 show a negative perfect correlation. A value of 0 show that there is not correlation between the two variables. A high correlation can show a weak relationship when it is examined in a scatter plot. A 0 correlation does not always indicate non- relationship, because it can be non-linear.

18. Showing correlation There are three points to remember: Data should be showed in a scatter plot graph. Coefficient of correlation, r, should be given with two decimals. The number of observations should be showed.

19. Showing correlation 10 ciudades r= 0.89

20. Bibliography 1.- Last JM. A dictionary of epidemiology. New York, 4ª ed. Oxford University Press, 2001:173. 2.- Kirkwood BR. Essentials of medical ststistics. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 1988: 1- 4. 3.- Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. Boca Ratón, Chapman & Hall/ CRC; 1991: 1-9.