1. ENGINEERING ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS USING A NOVEL TRI-LAYER ARCHITECTURE Michael Crump 2008–2009

2. ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/solarprint2.jpg

3. SOLAR CELL STRUCTURE STUDIED BY PEUMANS et al. (2003) [1500 Å] [200 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å]

4. OSC EXPERIMENTAL ARCHITECTURE 1 [1500 Å] [200 Å] [10–100 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å]

5. KUSHTO et al. (2005) ARCHITECTURE [1500 Å] [200 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å] NPD

6. OSC EXPERIMENTAL ARCHITECTURE 1 [1500 Å] [200 Å] [10–100 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å] NPD (donor)

7. ENERGY GRAPH donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor)

8. RATIONALE FOR USING NPD (RAND et al. 2005) donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor) donor NPD (Donor)

9. THERMAL EVAPORATION CHAMBER

10. FABRICATING BILAYERORGANIC SOLAR CELLS Pressure Gauge 0 atm1 atm

11. FABRICATING ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS

12. TESTING ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS Computer Light J MAX x V MAX J SC x V OC Solar Cell Current Diode Current Photocurrent

13. DETERMINING EFFICIENCY Efficiency = Voltage x Current x Fill Factor

14. NPD RESULTS Efficiency vs. NPD thickness control

15. NPD RESULTS Current vs. NPD thickness Fill Factor vs. NPD Thickness control

16. NPD RESULTS Voltage vs. NPD thickness control

17. NPD ENERGY GRAPH donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor) donor NPD (Donor)

18. OSC EXPERIMENTAL ARCHITECTURE 2 [1500 Å] [200 Å] [10–100 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å]

19. HOLMES et al. (2008) ARCHITECTURE [1500 Å] [200 Å] [400 Å] [100 Å] [500 Å] PtOEP

20. RATIONALE FOR USING PTOEP donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor) donor PtOEP (Donor)

21. PTOEP RESULTS Efficiency vs. PtOEP Thickness control

22. PTOEP RESULTS Current vs. PtOEP Thickness Fill Factor vs. PtOEP Thickness control

23. PTOEP RESULTS Voltage vs. PtOEP Thickness control

24. YANG et al. (2008) donor Donor donor Acceptor donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor) donor PtOEP (Donor)

25. CONCLUSIONS Voltage depends only on energy gap between electron donor and electron acceptor (Yang) Low current

26. FUTURE WORK Dope NPD or PtOEP (Maennig et al. (2004)) Find optimal balance between electron donor and NPD

27. FUTURE WORK Pressure Gauge 0 atm1 atm

28. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Russell Holmes University of Minnesota Kai-Yuan Cheng, Grant Lodden, Wade Luhman, and Richa Pandey Dr. Marla Feller and Ms. Lois Fruen The Breck Research Team http://www.cems.umn.edu/ab out/people/facdetail.php?cem sid=20785

29. ENGINEERING ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS USING A NOVEL TRI-LAYER ARCHITECTURE Michael Crump 2008–2009

30. RATIONALE FOR USING NPD (RAND et al. 2005) donor CuPc (Donor) donor C 60 (Acceptor) donor NPD (Donor)

31. DETERMINING EFFICIENCY Efficiency = Voltage x Current x Fill Factor