1. Statistics and Research Methods
How to lie, sway, and mislead using statistics

2. When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
who is included in the sample?
► Science – uses random sampling
► Pseudoscience – biased selection
how large is the sample?
► Science – >100 if lab, >1K if other
► Pseudoscience – N=1, anecdotal

3. When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
what data is being presented?
► Science – presents all data
► Pseudoscience – only biased
how is the data presented?
► Science – graphing standards
► Pseudoscience – graphs can lie!

4. Misleading Graphs

5. Mean, Median, Mode Owners argued: typical salary is $1.2 Million
1994 Baseball strike about salary:
Owners argued: typical salary is $1.2 Million
Players argued: typically salary is $415,000
Which measure of central tendency was each side using?

6. Mean, Median, and Mode

7. When confronted with any type of data, ask yourself…
is this correlation or causation?
► To understand the difference between correlation and causation, we first need to understand how the data is collected…

8. Research Methods

9. Correlations Correlation coefficients range from –1.0 to +1.0
Sign indicates direction ( positive +, or negative - )
Number refers to the strength of the relationship ( higher = stronger )

10. Experiment

11. Correlation v. Causation
Depressed Mood
Cause?
Impaired Sleep
Depressed Mood
Impaired Sleep
Cause?
Depressed Mood
Impaired Sleep
Cause?
Cause?
Family Conflict

12. Apply what we have learned
Quizzes taken from Learning Module -
Does watching violent TV make children aggressive?
How would you conduct a correlational study testing this research question?
How would you conduct an experimental study testing this research questions?

13. Correlational? or Causational?
A newspaper headline reads, Heavy Drinkers Get Lower College Grades.
Your psychology textbook states that some people remember concrete words better than abstract words.
People who were abused as children are more likely than others to become child abusers
A health magazine reports that depressed people who continue medication for at least six months are less likely to relapse than people who take medication for less than six months

14. Horoscope Study

15. Writing Exercise #2
Horoscope experiment