1. Elephants

2. Elephants
Asian elephant
Small ears
High vertical forehead
Females tuskless
Proportion of tuskless males varies
Loxodonta
African elephant
Large ears
Receding forehead
Both sexes usually have tusks

3. Uses of the trunk As a tool As a sense organ
Grazing & browsing
Manipulating objects
Moving water
As a sense organ
Touch
Smell
As a social-signaling organ
A trumpet that amplifies vocalizations
A bearer of visual signals
A touch-communicator

4. Distribution of Asian elephant
Elephas maximus
Extinct
Mesopotamia
and Syria?
S.E.China
Java
(10th century)
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Borneo
Sumatra

5. African bush elephant
Loxodonta africana
Open areas in Africa south of Sahara
Formerly slopes of Atlas Mountains
(tamed by Carthaginians)
Still in Eritrea
(tamed by Ptolemaic Egyptians, ca. 250 B.C.)
African forest elephant
Loxodonta cyclotis
African rainforest
Small size
Round ears
Thin straight tusks
Gangala na Bodio

6. Catching Indian elephants the last Keddah (Mysore, 1970s)
The tame elephants set out 2
The wild elephant herd that is destined to be caught

7. 3
The tame elephants return to the keddah
- One of the converging fences seen in background 4
The keddah
People come from miles around to watch

8. 5
The tame elephants and the wild herd approach the keddah 6
The elephants have all entered the keddah, and the gate has been shut behind them

9. 7 and 8
The wild herd is inside the keddah; the tame elephants are herding them towards the sides where they will be roped or trapped

10. 9
A wild elephant has been roped by a mahout who has jumped down 10
Oher wild elephants are separated into holding compartments

11. 11
A newly caught young bull is led away between two tame elephants 12
A newly caught cow and calf are led away between two tame elephants

12. 13
Newly caught elephants being taken for their first bath. This has a calming effect 14
The newly caught cow and calf being taken from the water after their bath

13. Value of elephants in Asian culture and economy
Ceremonial
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Logging
Chiangmai, Thailand

14. 56-year-old bull elephant in musth near Kandy, Sri Lanka chained to tree

15. War elephants, 250-200 B.C. King Demetrius of Bactria Seleucus I
Indian elephants
King Demetrius of Bactria
with symbolic elephant helmet
250 B.C.
Seleucus I
B.C.
Carthaginian
Spain, before
Second Punic War
218 B.C.
African elephants

16. Tame African elephants today
Forest elephants Gangala na Bodio 1950s
Bush elephants
Okavango
2002