1. Identifying Source Reduction Opportunities and Engineering Trade-Offs Kenneth R. Stone Engineering Trade-Offs Team Leader Kenneth R. Stone Engineering Trade-Offs Team Leader The Business of Mercury P2:

2. Presentation Outline Hg P2 Research Needs NRMRL Implementation Plan Approaches and Tools Schedule of Deliverables

3. Research Needs Assessment of Mercury Consumption Eliminate Uncertainties in Consumption Assess P2 Potential Prioritize Research Efforts Collaboration with Industry LCA for Environmental Impacts ETO for Economic, Energy & Environmental Costs and Benefits

4. Research Activities P2 Prioritization Assessment Partnerships Inventory Investigation Prioritization Support Verification

5. Pollution Prevention Tools... Raw Materials Manufacture Product Manufacture Product Use Final Disposition Energy Wastes … typically draw a boundary around one process, one facility, or one stage in the life cycle. Impacts that ripple up- or down-stream from a change are not identified.

6. Life Cycle Tools… Raw Materials Manufacture Product Manufacture Product Use Final Disposition … study the entire life cycle to identify the cross-media and cross-stage impacts from a change. Energy Wastes Reuse Product Recycling Energy Wastes

7. Selecting the Approach Housekeeping Refine Operations Management Change Policy Change Identify Hazards Inspection Preparation Operator Safety Change Perspective Design Material Selection DEM/VAL Technical Solutions Product Change Process Change Process Modification Procurement Disposition PPOA for:Life Cycle for:

8. Economic & Environmental Tools Societal Financial Environmental Technical Raw Material Processing Manufacturing Use/Reuse Maint. End of Life Mgt. Benefit/Cost Analysis Environmental Accounting Life Cycle Mgt. Activity Based Costing PPOA Life Cycle Assessment

9. Support Approaches Life Cycle Engineering Inventory, Impact, Interpretation Engineering Trade-Offs Economics, Environment and Engineering Environmental Input/Output Effect of a Decision on Other Segments

10. Life Cycle Engineering Decision Environment Cost Performance LCA LCC T&E Does it save/make money? Does it work better? Does it have the smallest impact?

11. LCE Method Target the Assessment - Establish the Function Provided - Name LCE Team Members - Develop Goals & Requirements - Propose Engineering Technologies & Options Target the Assessment - Establish the Function Provided - Name LCE Team Members - Develop Goals & Requirements - Propose Engineering Technologies & Options Preliminary Assessment - Define the Technology Life Cycles - Link Technologies and Options to Goals & Requirements Preliminary Assessment - Define the Technology Life Cycles - Link Technologies and Options to Goals & Requirements Detailed Assessment - Retarget the Assessment - Redefine the Technology Life Cycles - Reassess Goals & Requirements - Identify Key Technologies Detailed Assessment - Retarget the Assessment - Redefine the Technology Life Cycles - Reassess Goals & Requirements - Identify Key Technologies Specification Development Preferred Engineering Options Option Definition Specification Development

12. LCE Level of Rigor On-site Performance Evaluation of Equipment and Materials Life Cycle Cost of Each Choice Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impacts

13. LCE Range Societal Financial Environmental Technical Raw Material Processing Manufacturing Use/Reuse Maint. End of Life Mgt. Life Cycle Engineering

14. Engineering Trade-Offs Does it work better? Does it save/make money? Does it release the least? Does everyone comprehend and support it?

15. Acceptance Human Error Personal Limitations Poor Information, Training or Judgment Individual Technical Belief The Impact of Human Error and Will: Human Will Agreement/Support Disagreement/Passivity Resentment/Resistance Indifference/Independence

16. Information Collection Identify Products/Processes/Activities/Users Collect Data, Conduct Interviews & Follow-up Information Collection Identify Products/Processes/Activities/Users Collect Data, Conduct Interviews & Follow-up Assess Operations Identify Environmental Risks and Calculate Costs Evaluate Performance Assess Operations Identify Environmental Risks and Calculate Costs Evaluate Performance Determine Acceptance Select Prospective Alternatives & Present Evaluate Feasibility with Impacted Communities Determine Acceptance Select Prospective Alternatives & Present Evaluate Feasibility with Impacted Communities Implement Decision Present Findings & Obtain Funding Provide Orientation & Training Implement Decision Present Findings & Obtain Funding Provide Orientation & Training Validate Decision Monitor Implementation & Confirm Performance Re-evaluate for Human Error & Will Validate Decision Monitor Implementation & Confirm Performance Re-evaluate for Human Error & Will Define Objective& Measures of Success Set Project Scope &Boundaries Revisit Objective & Project Scope During Assessment Define Objective& Measures of Success Set Project Scope &Boundaries Revisit Objective & Project Scope During Assessment If findings offer new P2 opportunities... Then collect new data & re-assess If implementation does not meet expectations... Then evaluate barriers & design solutions ETO Method

17. Common Trade-Off Decisions Buying a Car: Capacity, Power, Utility, Comfort, Color, Cost, MPG, Emissions, Status, etc. Purchasing a House: Location, Lot Layout, Structure, Condition, Cost, Cosmetics, Amenities, School System, Shopping, Congestion, Police & Fire Service, Ethnicity, Social Status, Environment, etc.

18. Engineering Trade-Offs Small Business, Community or Facility-level Support Informed Decision-making Comparative Assessment Releases-based, not Impacts-based Quantify Gate-to-Gate Operations & Releases Qualify Releases Outside Gates

19. ETO Range Societal Financial Environmental Technical Raw Material Processing Manufacturing Use/Reuse Maint. End of Life Mgt. Engineering Trade-Offs QuantitativeQualitative

20. Economic Input/Output Estimate Total Economic Impact of an Activity P2PA Inventory – Mercury Use across the Economy Inform Scale & Boundaries of Support Studies Help Maintain Research Program Focus Inform Verification Effort Show How a Change would Ripple throughout the Economy

21. Deliverables P2 Compendium P2 Baseline & Metrics Report 2 LCE Reports 4 ETO Reports 2 EIO Case Studies Verification Report

22. Schedule of Deliverables

23. Contact: Kenneth R. Stone ETO Team Leader N ATIONAL R ISK M ANAGEMENT R ESEARCH L ABORATORY 26 W. Martin Luther King Cincinnati OH 45268 513-569-7474 Kenneth R. Stone ETO Team Leader N ATIONAL R ISK M ANAGEMENT R ESEARCH L ABORATORY 26 W. Martin Luther King Cincinnati OH 45268 513-569-7474 stone.kenneth@epa.gov