1. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 CHAPTER 7 International Organization and Law INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Seventh Edition Joshua S. Goldstein

2. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 International Norms Periods of hegemony Periods of hegemony Hugo Grotius Hugo Grotius Habit Habit Expectations Expectations The end of the Cold War The end of the Cold War Changing economic power Changing economic power Technological changes Technological changes

3. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Sources of International Law Most Important: Treaties Most Important: Treaties The United Nations Charter is one of the most important treaties The United Nations Charter is one of the most important treaties

4. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 The United Nations

5. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 The Secretary-General “President of the World” Trygve Lie, Norway (1946-1952) Trygve Lie, Norway (1946-1952) Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden (1953-1961) Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden (1953-1961) U Thant, Burma (1961-1971) U Thant, Burma (1961-1971) Kurt Waldheim, Austria (1972-1982) Kurt Waldheim, Austria (1972-1982) Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru (1982-1992) Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru (1982-1992) Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt (1992-1996) Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt (1992-1996) Kofi Annan, Ghana (1997-2006) Kofi Annan, Ghana (1997-2006)

6. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 History of the United Nations Five victors of World War II secure veto power Five victors of World War II secure veto power China is represented by Taiwan, not mainland China is represented by Taiwan, not mainland Soviet Union, at first, boycotts the UN and later is the major veto wielding power Soviet Union, at first, boycotts the UN and later is the major veto wielding power During the 1970s, the United States begins vetoing more than the USSR During the 1970s, the United States begins vetoing more than the USSR Peacekeeping rarely used during Cold War Peacekeeping rarely used during Cold War

7. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Choosing Non-Permanent Members of the Security Council 10 non-permanent members 10 non-permanent members 9 votes needed to pass resolution, albeit without a veto from the permanent 5 9 votes needed to pass resolution, albeit without a veto from the permanent 5 5 new non-permanent members chosen every year for a 2-year cycle 5 new non-permanent members chosen every year for a 2-year cycle Each region of the world is represented by the 5 new members—check each year’s choices. Each region of the world is represented by the 5 new members—check each year’s choices.

8. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Regional Representation on the UN Security Council

9. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Proposed Changes of the Security Council Including Japan and Germany as permanent members Including Japan and Germany as permanent members 2003, Japan reduced UN dues by 25 % because of its discontent with the UN 2003, Japan reduced UN dues by 25 % because of its discontent with the UN Expand Security Council to 24 Members Expand Security Council to 24 Members New permanent members, such as India, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa New permanent members, such as India, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa Can change occur? Can change occur?

10. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 UN Peacekeeping Missions as of March 2005

11. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 The Four Main Sources of International Law Judicial review Judicial review Principles Principles Customs Customs Treaties Treaties

12. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Diplomacy The most developed area of international law The most developed area of international law Diplomatic recognition Diplomatic recognition Diplomatic immunity Diplomatic immunity Diplomatic pouches Diplomatic pouches Embassies Embassies Recalling ambassadors Recalling ambassadors Spies Spies

13. Pearson Education, Inc. © 2006 Crimes Against Humanity The least developed areas of international law The least developed areas of international law War crimes War crimes International criminal court International criminal court Human rights Human rights