5.  Move! Leave plantations, find lost relatives, find jobs, travel “just because” they now could!!  Establish independent black communities  Churches, schools  Marriage  Pursue an Education  Freedmen’s Schools By 1869 more than 150,000 students were attending 3,000 schools By the end of Reconstruction about 10% of the South’s African-American population could read

6.  Freed people really wanted to own land – why?  General William T. Sherman made a suggestion:  That abandoned Southern land should be split into 40-acre parcels and given to freedmen  This turned into a rumor that freedmen were going to get “40 acres and a mule”  Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner pushed for land reform but most Congressmen were against the plan

8. Jourdon Anderson letter  Speaker  Ex-slave from Tennessee  Occasion  1865 – end of Civil War and slavery, African-Americans in need of work, former slaveholders need new workers  Audience  Colonel P.H.Anderson (his ex-master) letter also published in newspaper  Purpose  replying to Anderson request to have him come back to work for him  Significance  illustrates labor needs of ex-slave owners and position of freed African-Americans

11. AMENDMENT 13th14th15th YEAR RATIFIED186518671870 WHO IT WAS RATIFIED UNDER President Lincoln Congress (even though Johnson vetoed it) President Grant DETAILS Banned slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime Necessary because the emancipation proclamation did not free all slaves All citizens were granted “equal protection of the laws” It defined a citizen as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” It did not include Native Americans It forbade states to “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” If a state denied any male citizen who was 21 years old (or older) the right to vote, that state would have its representation in Congress reduced It forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous servitude.” It did not apply to Native Americans or women

12.  What criticism does the following cartoon make about access to the voting booth?

14.  Administrators of test were white locals who had complete discretion over what questions were and who would pass and fail  Some questions had no “right” answer, and some were extremely difficult even for the most educated to answer  EX: Name all 60 county judges in the state!  Exempt if you could prove your grandfather had the right to vote “Grandfather Clause”  (Obviously ex-slaves could not prove this!)

15.  Real questions taken from Alabama state literacy test  To “pass” you must get at least 7 of the 10 correct  If the majority of your classmates pass the test you will be allowed to vote on whether you want HW or not  GOOD LUCK!

16.  Sería mejor no tener tarea esta noche  It would be best not to have homework tonight  Me encantaría tarea esta noche  I would love HW tonight  No me importa de cualquier manera, vamos a elegir la señora Bernardini  It doesn’t matter to me either way, let Mrs. Bernardini choose

19.  What is an amendment?  What were the 13 th, 14 th and 15 th amendments?  13 – end slavery  14 – civil rights  15 – voting rights  How were African-Americans disenfranchised (kept from voting) despite the 15 th amendment?  Grandfather clause  Literacy tests  Poll taxes  When did many of these restrictions to voting finally end?  1965 - Voting Rights Act

21.  Vigilante hate group begun in South following the end of Reconstruction  Wanted to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder, against free black population and their allies

22.  Adopted masks and robes to hide their identities  Anti-Klan bill passed during Grant’s Administration would help to put a stop to some of the violence for a limited time

23.  Membership grows under Wilson administration (1913-1921) and then again during Civil Rights movement (1950s – 1960s)  Burning of the cross introduced to intimidate and as a symbol “to illuminate” their Christian fellowship

24.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KLl- vrH6Sc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KLl- vrH6Sc  What is the “fruit” the song refers to?

25.  Southern trees bear a strange fruit Blood on the leaves and blood at the root Black bodies swingin' in the Southern breeze Strange fruit hangin' from the poplar trees Pastoral scene of the gallant South The bulgin' eyes and the twisted mouth Scent of magnolias sweet and fresh Then the sudden smell of burnin' flesh Here is a fruit for the crows to pluck For the rain to gather For the wind to suck For the sun to rot For the tree to drop Here is a strange and bitter crop

26.  African-American journalist and activist  First crusader against lynching  Worked closely with Du Bois to found the NAACP

27.  Web Quest!  www.splcenter.org www.splcenter.org