1. in the time of C. Julius Caesar

2.  made of wool  sleeveless  wide neck  Joe Roman Legionnaire - white tunic  Centurion - red tunic

4.  leather or linen  Joe Roman Legionnaire – plate cuirass (lorica hamata)  Officers – laminated or scaled cuirass(lorica squamata)  Circular plates of iron sewn onto leather or linen

5.  Torques (necklaces)  Armillae (armbands)  Phalerae (embossed discs worn on the corselet)  Corona

7. .4 feet long  Prevent neck opening from becoming dirty and prevent chafing of neck by body armor  Different colors could represent different legions or cohorts

8.  Fasciae (leg-swathings) – created specifically as a result of campaigning in Gaul › woolen pieces of cloth wrapped around legs and secured with leather thongs  Braccae – breeches of barbarians › later adopted by Roman Army › made of leather

9.  heavy, hob-nailed leather boots/sandals  ¾ inch thick  Cloth or fur stuffed inside

10.  Paenulae/ Cloak › Yellow-brown › Represented shades of undyed wool › Centurions may have worn red › wool  Paludamentum/ Cloak or Cape › Worn over the cuirass by military officers › draped over left shoulder and wound around left arm › Generals wore red cloaks

11.  Bronze with iron skull cap lined with leather or cloth  Small peak jutted out in front  Plate extended downwards at back to protect neck  Hinged cheek pieces at sides  No plume, but horsehair flowing out of top

12.  Four feet by two and a half feet  Rectangular/ Oval Shield with protruding boss  Wood, hide, and canvas glued/bound with iron and with an iron boss  Bore insignia of legion on outer face  Carried in left arm  Equipped with 2 leather straps

13.  Legionnaires carried 2 pila  2 types of pila (heavy and light)  Large iron head or blade  Hurled from the hand as a javelin or used like a bayonet used to beat down hostile attacks  Heavy, 7 foot, 1/3 iron spear

14.  Spanish sword  Short (about 22 inches long or 2 feet), straight, uniform width, double edged blade  Worn on right side on the cingulum (belt) or the balteus (baldric)  Leather or wooden scabbard, reinforced with leather at top and bottom  2 inch wide blade for stabbing  Bone handle  Iron blade

15.  Worn on right/ left side  Used for closest hand-to-hand conflict  Used in case of loss of sword  Used as a knife  Bulbous handle  Blade had long tip

16.  Employed by army  Bullets made of stone, baked clay, or lead

25.  Cornu – trumpet which curves around body  Tuba – straight trumpet flares gradually through whole length  Bucina – narrow, cylindrical, straight trumpet, flaring out only close to the bell  Lituus – trumpet with gentle curve

26.  3 types › Cornicines › Tubicines › Bucinares  Instruments made of bronze

33.  Bishop, M. C., and J. C. N. Coulston. Roman Military Equipment: From the Punic Wars to the Fall of Rome. B.T. Batsford Ltd.: Trafalgar Square Publishing, 1993.  Blacklock, Dyan. The Roman Army: The Legendary Soldiers Who Created an Empire (Booklist Editor's Choice. Books for Youth (Awards)). New York: Walker Books for Young Readers, 2004.  Croom, A.T.. Roman Clothing and Fashion. New Ed ed. Stroud: Tempus, 2002.  Davenport, Millia. THE BOOK OF COSTUME VOLUME 1. New York: Crown Publishers, 1948.  Davison, Betsy. Shields of Ancient Rome in Art and History. San Diego: Malter-Westerfield Publishing Co., 1969.  Feugere, Michael. Weapons of the Romans. Stroud: Tempus, 2002.  Grant, Michael. The Army of the Caesars. New York: M. Evans And Company, 1992.  Keppie, Lawrence.. THE MAKING OF THE ROMAN ARMY FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE.. London: Batsford, 1984.  Lacombe, P.. Arms and Armour in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Medieval Military Library). Combined Books Ed ed. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 1996.  Oakeshott, Ewart. The Archaeology of Weapons: Arms and Armour from Prehistory to the Age of Chivalry. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1994.  Peterson, D. The Roman Legions Recreated In Color Photographs (Europa Militaria). Marlborough: Crowood, 1999.  Roman Military Equipment: The Accoutrements of War (BAR international series). London: British Archaeological Reports, 1987.  Simkins, Michael. Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan (Men-at-arms). Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1974.  Southern, Pat. The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2006.  Speidel, Michael. Roman army studies. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1984.  Watson, G. R.. The Roman Soldier (Aspects of Greek and Roman Life). Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.