1. Material & Methods: An Overview Ahmed Mandil Prof of Epidemiology KSU College of Medicine

2. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Headlines Sections of an M&M section Sections of an M&M section Design, setting, sampling Design, setting, sampling Data collection tools Data collection tools Pilot study Pilot study Ethical considerations Ethical considerations Citing references Citing references

3. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Questions to be answered How will the study be designed ? How will the study be designed ? How will the study be carried out ? How will the study be carried out ? How are collected data going to be analyzed ? How are collected data going to be analyzed ?

4. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Needed Information How the study will be designed (briefly include: type of study design, suitability of choice for objectives of the study, study sequence) How the study will be designed (briefly include: type of study design, suitability of choice for objectives of the study, study sequence) How the study will be carried out (briefly include information on: sample selection, inclusion / exclusion criteria, instruments to be utilized, variables considered, referenced techniques, personnel / research team, pilot / actual data collection experience, ethical considerations) How the study will be carried out (briefly include information on: sample selection, inclusion / exclusion criteria, instruments to be utilized, variables considered, referenced techniques, personnel / research team, pilot / actual data collection experience, ethical considerations) How are collected data going to be analyzed (software, biostatistical techniques and methods) How are collected data going to be analyzed (software, biostatistical techniques and methods)

5. Design & Setting Study design : Study design : –Quantitative [observational, experimental] –Qualitative –Mixed Study setting: where will the study be carried out: Study setting: where will the study be carried out: –For primary data –For secondary dat 17 September 2015Material & Methods

6. Sampling Sample size estimation: using standard equation Sample size estimation: using standard equation Sampling technique Sampling technique –should be random, unless otherwise justified –inclusion / exclusion criteria of selection 17 September 2015Material & Methods

7. Data Collection Tools Data collection Tools: Data collection Tools: –Questionnaire : brief description of sections / variables mentioned, with copy attached –Biochemical measurements: with references of techniques / kits –Physical measurements: with description of method / reference, as applicable 17 September 2015Material & Methods

8. Pilot Study Pilot study : needed for all studies, to test: Logistics of data collection Logistics of data collection Transportation (if applicable) Transportation (if applicable) Questionnaire: Questionnaire: –Suitability / clarity –Questions may need rephrasing, removing, adding Estimation of timing for data collection Estimation of timing for data collection Re-planning, accordingly Re-planning, accordingly 17 September 2015Material & Methods

9. Data Analysis Data analysis plan : Data analysis plan : –Referenced software –Brief description of techniques »Univariate analysis (sample demography) »Bivariate analysis (cross tabulations) »Multivariate analysis (for identifying key determinants for outcomes) 17 September 2015Material & Methods

10. Ethical Considerations IRB bilingual Consent Form to be attached and include the following: IRB bilingual Consent Form to be attached and include the following: –Purposes of the study, benefits, potential harms –Right of the participant to withdraw at any time without any obligation –Confidentiality of collection information –Participant’s anonymity assured (by assigning each participant with a code number for the purpose of analysis only) –Information on PI: name / affiliation / number No incentives or rewards should be given to participants. Transportation / snacks may be provided to establish a bond with participants, with no obligation to participate No incentives or rewards should be given to participants. Transportation / snacks may be provided to establish a bond with participants, with no obligation to participate 17 September 2015Material & Methods

11. REFERENCES 17 September 2015Material & Methods

12. 17 September 2015Material & Methods References (I) Knowledge of previous work is critical to the success and soundness of the study, credibility of the scientific paper Knowledge of previous work is critical to the success and soundness of the study, credibility of the scientific paper References should be restricted to those with direct bearing on the work described References should be restricted to those with direct bearing on the work described “Instructions to authors” of the respective journal should be reviewed for style to be used in citing references, e.g. Vancouver style, Harvard style, etc “Instructions to authors” of the respective journal should be reviewed for style to be used in citing references, e.g. Vancouver style, Harvard style, etc

13. References (II) Sources for references include: Printed indices: Index Medicus (author, subject), Excerpta Medica, Science Citation Index, Biological Extracts, etc (now obsolete) Printed indices: Index Medicus (author, subject), Excerpta Medica, Science Citation Index, Biological Extracts, etc (now obsolete) Electronic databases: Electronic databases: –International: PubMed, Ovid, Medline (Index Medicus), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica), Biosis (biology), IPA (drug development), Toxline (toxicology), etc –Regional: IMEMR (of WHO/EMRO), Center for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) in Dubai –National: SAUDIMEDLIT, etc 17 September 2015Material & Methods

14. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Examples of Citing References (Vancouver Style) I 1. UNAIDS/WHO. HIV/AIDS epidemic update: December, 2008. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO, 2008. [official document] 2. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (for Personal Computers) [SPSS-PC]. Version 11. SPSS Co. (444 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.), 2007. [statistical software] 3. Al-Zahrani A. A national study of obesity in Saudi Arabia. MD thesis. Riyadh: King Saud University, 2005 [doctoral thesis] 4. Mandil AMA, Aboul-Azm S, Bahnassy AA, Bashawri L. KAP study concerning HIV/AIDS among nursing students, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Bull HIPH 2000; 30(2): 391 - 404. [published article in a scientific journal]

15. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Examples of Citing References (Vancouver Style) II 1. Last JM. A dictionary of epidemiology. 5 th edition. New York, Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2008. [book] 2. Krauss JFK. Occupational health. In: Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Kjellstrom T. 2 nd edition. Basic epidemiology. Geneva: WHO, 2006. [book chapter] 3. Non-communicable diseases report. http://www.who.int/ncd (accessed on 26 July, 2008) [Internet source] http://www.who.int/ncd 4. Tobacco control policies. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco (accessed on 1 September, 2007) [Internet source] http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco

16. 17 September 2015Material & Methods Headlines Sections of an M&M section Sections of an M&M section Design, setting, sampling Design, setting, sampling Data collection tools Data collection tools Pilot study Pilot study Ethical considerations Ethical considerations Citing references Citing references

17. Further Reading Hall GM. How to write a paper. 2 nd edition. Delhi: Byword publishers, 2000. Hall GM. How to write a paper. 2 nd edition. Delhi: Byword publishers, 2000. Day RA. How to write and publish a scientific paper. 3 rd edition. Phoenix, New York: Oryx Press, 1988. Day RA. How to write and publish a scientific paper. 3 rd edition. Phoenix, New York: Oryx Press, 1988. Smith GD. Writing and publishing in the epidemiological field: the IEA’s journal as an example. University of Bristol, Sept 2013 Smith GD. Writing and publishing in the epidemiological field: the IEA’s journal as an example. University of Bristol, Sept 2013 International journals: International Journal of Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, The Lancet, Social Sciences & Medicine International journals: International Journal of Epidemiology, American Journal of Public Health, The Lancet, Social Sciences & Medicine Regional: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal Regional: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal National: Saudi Medical Journal, Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, Annals of Saudi Medicine National: Saudi Medical Journal, Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, Annals of Saudi Medicine 17 September 2015Material & Methods

18. Thank you