1. CHAPTER 15 A Divided Nation 1848-1860

2. POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Popular sovereignty = idea that political power belongs to the people
Many people believed states and territories, not the federal government, should decide if they wanted to permit slavery

3. WILMOT PROVISO Document written by Representative David Wilmot
Idea was proposed to Congress to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession
Document stated that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of the territory”

4. SECTIONALISM
The Wilmot Proviso created a debated that showed growing sectionalism in the U.S.
Sectionalism = favoring the interests of one section or region over the interests of the entire country

5. FREE-SOIL PARTY Party supported the Wilmot Proviso
Northerners who supported the abolition of slavery
They feared slave labor would take jobs away from white workers
Martin Van Buren was a member

6. COMPROMISE OF 1850
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed that California enter the Union as a free state
Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina believed slave states should separate peacefully from the Union
Secede = formally withdraw from the Union
Compromise of 1850 = California entered as a free state and the Mexican Cession was divided into two territories – Utah and New Mexico
The question of whether to allow slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty in the new territories
A consequence of the Compromise was the balance between free and slave states ended

7. COMPROMISE OF 1850 (MAP)

8. COMPROMISE OF 1850

9. FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Act made it a crime to help runaway slaves and allowed officials to arrest those slaves in free areas
Slaveholders took fugitives to U.S. commissioners who decided their fate
Northerners opposed the act because it gave commissioners too much power and should have allowed slaves the right to jury trials
Northerners were horrified that some free African Americans were captured and sent to the South

10. FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT BANNERS
PRO-SLAVERY
ANTI-SLAVERY

11. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN Anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Published in 1852 and within a decade it sold over 2 million copies
Spoke out powerfully against slavery
Stowe was inspired to write the novel after talking to fugitive slaves she met in Ohio
She was outraged by the cruelties of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Act

12. ELECTION OF 1852
Franklin Pierce (Democrat from New Hampshire) was elected the 14th President
Southern Democrats supported him because he promised to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act

13. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT January 1854 Introduced by Stephen Douglas
Divided the Louisiana Territory into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska
It would allow people in each territory to decide on the question of slavery
It led to the return of the slavery issue between the North and South

14. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

15. SACK OF LAWRENCE
Anti-slavery government in Kansas was declared illegal by a pro-slavery grand jury
Pro-slavery forces accused antislavery leaders of treason, so they set fires and looted the city of Lawrence, Kansas
One man was killed

16. POTTAWATOMIE MASSACRE
Abolitionist John Brown wanted revenge for the Sack of Lawrence
May 24th, 1856 – five pro-slavery men were killed in Kansas
Result – Kansas collapsed into a civil war and many citizens were killed
“Bleeding Kansas” - abolitionists and pro-slavery forces clashed in Kansas

17. BLEEDING KANSAS PAINTING

18. REPUBLICAN PARTY
The Republican Party was formed after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed
The party was against the spread of slavery in the West
In 1854, the party rallied around the spread of slavery in the West
(Do not copy) - Political cartoonist Thomas Nast was responsible for the Republican Party elephant. In a cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo. One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled "The Republican Vote." That's all it took for the elephant to become associated with the Republican Party.

19. JAMES BUCHANAN Democrat Won the election of 1856
Became the 16th President

20. DRED SCOTT v. SANFORD
Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, whether free or slave, were not considered citizens of the United States
The Court also ruled that the Missouri Compromise’s restriction on slavery was unconstitutional
Republicans were angry that Congress did not have the power to ban slavery

21. LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
Abraham Lincoln (Republican) accused Democrats of wanting to spread slavery in the West
Lincoln said African Americans were entitled to all the natural rights (life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness) listed in the Declaration of Independence
Stephen Douglas (Democrat) stated that Republicans wanted to make every state a free state, and that would eventually lead to war

22. JOHN BROWN’S RAID
October 16th, John Brown led an armed resistance in Harpers Ferry, Virginia
They attempted to steal weapons from an arsenal and bring them to local slaves
U.S. Marines defeated Brown’s men and he was convicted of treason, murder, and conspiracy and was hanged
It failed because he did not have enough supporters
Southerners feared another Northern attack
Lincoln said the anti-slavery movement should not be one of violence

23. ELECTION OF 1860
Abraham Lincoln won both the electoral and popular votes and became the 16th President
This election showed that the South was losing power in the nation

24. ELECTION OF 1860 (MAP)

25. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
December 20, 1860 – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Texas seceded (separated) from the Union to form the CSA (also called the Confederacy)
They formed a constitution that gave its citizens the right to own slaves
Jefferson Davis was elected President of the CSA
They were afraid the southern economy and way of life would be destroyed

26. CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA (MAP)