1. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation A Summary Report Of The APEC EWG-ISTWG Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies The 25 th New and Renewable Energy Technologies Expert Group Meeting October 31, 2005, Chinese Taipei

2. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Background  Energy security issues have been the central concern of APEC Leaders’ and Energy Ministers’ since the year 2000  Hence, EWG has formulated a comprehensive Energy Security Initiative (ESI) comprising both short-term and long-term responses, of which APEC Energy Ministers have endorsed the following three long-term measures Capitalizing on technological innovation Expanding our energy choices Using energy more efficiently

3. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Background  As energy technologies do underpin social and economic development, the ISTWG also saw the great technical challenges ahead and started a two-year project on future fuels technology, entitled Foresighting Future Fuel Technology, with APEC- funding in 2005  The IST Ministers have directed the ISTWG to work with the EWG on the project and the Energy Ministers at EMM6 noted the direction from the IST Ministers and have asked the EWG to support the efforts

4. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Progress of EWG-ISTWG Collaboration  The ISTWG project consists of three technology roadmapping workshops in 2005 and Chinese Taipei made a self-funded project, endorsed at EWG 28, to host the second technology roadmapping workshop  EWG had participated, by the Secretariat and Chinese Taipei, in the ISTWG Scenario Planning Workshop held in Thailand, December 13~15, 2004  Chinese Taipei and APERC also participated in the first technology roadmapping workshop held in Vancouver, Canada April 27~29, 2005

5. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Objective  The overall objective of the project is to assess the medium and long-term scenarios of future fuel technology development and to develop technology roadmaps for the scenarios  Potential benefits for APEC include: Strengthened long-term energy security Sustainable development Reduced risks through partnership and collaboration Important inputs to long-term energy policy

6. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation  The second technology roadmapping workshop was held jointly by the EWG and ISTWG in Ping-tung, Chinese Taipei, August 10~12, 2005  The Workshop drew experts from 9 APEC Economies plus invited speakers from EBN, APERC and EGNRET, with a total of 49 participants

7. E:\EWG30\APEC EWG-ISTWG.htm

8. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation  Participants were divided into three sub-groups on Bio-fuels, Unconventional Hydrocarbons and Hydrogen/Fuel Cells to refine the three respective roadmaps developed in the first workshop in Canada  Efforts were particularly made in the Chinese Taipei workshop to focus on synergies between the three fuel types and potential areas for APEC collaboration

9. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Bio-fuels Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Usage Crops/Forestry Straw, Wood, Chips Crops Cellulosic - based MSW Manure Waste water Crops: Oilseeds Animal Fats Physical: Chipping Compacting Drying Chemical: Carbonization Liquefaction Gasification Solid: Chips Pellets Briquette Gas Biogas Syn gas Biological: Fermentation Digestion Liquid Ethanol Biodiesel Chemical: Transportation Industry/ Agriculture heat electricity Crops Starch/sugar - based

10. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Fossil Fuel-based Economy 2000 2010 2020 Linkages Bio-fuel Roadmap with Timeline and Linkages to Other Fuel Types 2030 H 2 - rich Biogas Fuel cells, H 2 storage H 2 from SynGas H2H2 H2H2 Hydrocarbons Bio-fuel Economy Bio-fuel Development Bio-fuel Development Bio Oil - Pyrolysis Ethanol from starch/sugar CH 4 – rich Biogas Bio-diesel Ethanol from cellulose SynGas Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ( BIGCC) Polygeneration of energy, chemicals and H 2 From proof of concept to implementation Technology readily available Need specification and market for co-products Limited experiences and further R&D needed Direct combustion Diesohol

11. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Charcoal (100% C) Coal Crude Oil Synthetics Gas Hydrogen (0% C) 5000 BC2030 AD ? Gaseous fuels infrastructure facilitates the Transition to Hydrogen Exchange of H 2 and C for energy balance Bio-fuels inclusion in the evolutionary chain In the Year 2030 Hydrocarbon Fuels will still have major market shares Have the capacity to meet demand Move to Unconventional Hydrocarbon Fuels Gas-Liquid-Solid Fuel Vision:  Gas Market Share will Increase vs Crude Oil & Coal  Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels Will Remain  Conversion of Coal to Gas and Liquid Fuels (Clean-coal Usage) Unconventional HC

12. Hydro Carbons Primary Supply Fuel Production Fuel Transport Fuel Distribution Fuel StorageFuel End Use Public Perception CNG LNG LCNG B Costs B Payload b Engines B LNG Liquefact. SynGas GTL O New Resource O Catalysts Scale Coal Bed Methane B Geology B Environ Heavy Crude Bitumen B Environ. O Demos Methane Hydrates In Situ B Geology B/O Environ; Reservoir Eng./ Resource

13. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Hydrogen/Fuel Cells 201020202030 NG/Liquids Ref. PEMFC/ICE Stationary/Transportation /Portable Electricity Electrolysis H 2 PEMFC/ICE Transportation Coal Gasification CO 2 Seq. SOFC/MCFC Stationary Coal/Biomass with CO 2 Seq. Large-Scale Applications > 10 MW Biomass Gasification(on-site) SOFC/MCFC Stationary/Portable Biomass Gasifi.(on-site) (pipeline) Conv. to H 2 Fueling Stations Transportation Geoth./Wind/Solar Electrolysis H 2 Remote Power/Power Firming Solar Photo-Electroch. C 1 /C 0 Fuels All Applications Thermal-Chemical Dissociation H 2 All Applications

14. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation  Much research still required for cost competitiveness Reformation maximizing H 2 yield and minimizing footprint for a given feedstock Reformation suitable for multiple feedstock in small stationary applications High temp. membrane for PEMFC and lowering operation temp. for SOFC Major scientific breakthrough for on-board storage of hydrogen Experimental techniques to probe the inside of fuel cells  Sustained investment from government needed  Hydrogen only as clean as its source and life-cycle environmental impact analyses required for mass deployment

15. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Integration of Future Fuel Supply

16. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Observation  All economies will have an integrated mixed fuel strategy  The mixture will vary regionally and will depend on: –Cost competitiveness of alternatives (primarily) –Government policy (secondarily)  Governments will be energized by public attitudes and special interests in the following areas –Impact of energy price on economy –Perceived or real threats to public health and safety –Security of supply  Distribution infrastructure is costly and will be developed only for major fuels, i.e. secondary fuels will be most cost competitive by adapting to use this infrastructure to the maximum or are employed in a distributed manner

17. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation Future Project Actions  Interim roadmaps will be finalized and synergies between them will be emphasized  An integrated, multi-pathway approach will be recommended for adoption to maximize R&D effectiveness  The draft technology roadmaps and report will be examined lastly in the final workshop in Chiangmai, Thailand, November 3~4, 2005

18. APEC Workshop on Roadmapping Future Fuels Technologies—An EWG-ISTWG Cooperation http://www.egeec.apec.org/fuels http://www.apecforesight.org