1. Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 13/e Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

2. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Introduction Introduction  Deficiencies of the Confederation Government  Despite opposition to a strong central government, most were dissatisfied with the Articles of Confederation  Ineffective in:  Promoting trade  Levying taxes  Social unrest  Indian conflicts  Unstable currency  Debt Map of the United States Immediately After Independence (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

3. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 I. Framing a New Government I. Framing a New Government –Advocates of Centralization  Annapolis Convention (1786) – time to strengthen the Articles (led by Alexander Hamilton)  Meeting set for summer of 1787 in Philadelphia Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic Alexander Hamilton (on the Ten Dollar Bill) (The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. /Ken Cavanagh Photographer)

4. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 I. Framing a New Government I. Framing a New Government –A Divided Convention  The Founding Fathers  Young(er), educated, rich; included Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Franklin  The Virginia Plan (Madison & Edmund Randolph)  Two-tiered legislature; favored large states  Small States Versus Large States  Fighting occurred over representation in Congress Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

5. 5 I. Framing a New Government I. Framing a New Government –Compromise  The Great (CT) Compromise –The Constitution of 1787  James Madison (Father)  The Question of Sovereignty  Both states & nat’l gov’ts had it; comes from the people  Separation of Powers  Three branches (Leg. Exec. Jud.) as to make sure no one branch is more powerful than the other The Constitution (NARA) Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

6. Madisonian Model Madisonian Model –Federalism – separation of power between state and national governments –Separation of Powers – no single branch becomes more powerful than the other –Checks and Balances – each branch has the power to check another to balance power –Popular Sovereignty – the people rule (not too much though) –Judicial Review – Judicial branch decides on constitutionality of law –Limited Government – the central government is not all powerful 6

7. The Federalist Papers (New York Public Library) 7 I. Framing a New Government I. Framing a New Government –Federalists and Antifederalists  The Federalist Papers  Hamilton, Madison, Jay  Explained the government  The Antifederalists  Biggest complaint – no personal liberties (bill of rights) in the Constitution  Debating the Constitution  Went quickly Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

8. 8 I. Framing a New Government I. Framing a New Government –Completing the Structure  The Bill of Rights – created after Constitution was ratified  The Cabinet  Presidential advisors  Not written in Constitution  State, War, Treasury  Attorney General The Bill of Rights (Comstock Images / Getty Images) Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

9. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 II. Federalists and Republicans II. Federalists and Republicans  Competing Visions  Federalists favored strong central gov’t (urban)  Led by Hamilton; supported by Washington  Republicans favored strong state gov’ts and rule by the people (rural)  Led by Jefferson and Madison –Hamilton and the Federalists  Assuming the Debt  Would finance national debt at face value and take all state debt  Hamilton’s Report on Manufacturing  Excise tax on liquor; protected tariff on imported goods Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic NOTE: not the same Federalists as the ones who supported ratification of the Constitution

10. 10 II. Federalists and Republicans II. Federalists and Republicans –Enacting the Federalist Program  Location of the Capital (was in NYC)  Agreed upon to be in the south (between VA and MD)  Bank of the United States (1791)  A national bank created with a 20-year charter  Very controversial; led to arguments that the US doesn’t have the power to create this  Strict v. Loose Constitutionalists  Strict (R) said follow it word-for-word  Loose (F) said the national gov’t can read between the lines if necessary and proper Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

11. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 II. Federalists and Republicans II. Federalists and Republicans –The First Party System  Many at the time feared factions; felt they were dangerous  Factions created with this first system of political parties (two-party system)  Worked well because they organized their visions Thomas Jefferson (Library of Congress) Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

12. 12 III. Establishing National Sovereignty III. Establishing National Sovereignty –Securing the Frontier (helped by Federalists)  Whiskey Rebellion (1794)  Western-PA farmers refused to pay whiskey tax  Washington raised and led an army to put down the rebellion  RESULTS: first show of national gov’t’s power –Native Americans and the New Nation  Indians and the Constitution  Seen as tribes, but not nations, and were not allowed to be citizens of the US  With settlers encroaching Indian land, conflict arose  Battle of Fallen Timbers – Indians surrender; cede land Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

13. III. Establishing National Sovereignty III. Establishing National Sovereignty –Maintaining Neutrality (French v. British)  US wanted to establish legitimacy with Great Britain, but tested with French-British War in 1793  Citizen Genet  US declared neutrality, but was ignored by French diplomat Citizen Edmond Genet  British got upset, started seizing American ships; Americans feel anti-British –Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty  Jay’s Treaty (John Jay)  Established American sovereignty in the Northwest and a satisfactory commercial relationship with G.B.  Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)  Resolved border conflicts with Spain 13 Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

14. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 IV. The Downfall of the Federalists IV. The Downfall of the Federalists –The Election of 1796  John Adams (F) v. Thomas Jefferson (R)  Adams 1 st ; TJ 2 nd ; TJ=VP  Washington’s Farewell Address  Warned US against dangers of  Foreign influence  Political factions  Federalists Party starting to divide John Adams (Library of Congress) Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

15. © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 IV. The Downfall of the Federalists IV. The Downfall of the Federalists –The Quasi War with France  The XYZ Affair  France seized American ships  Federalists wanted war; Adams wanted diplomacy  Diplomats were met by 3 French agents (“XYZ”) who demanded a bribe for negotiations  The Quasi War  Americans upset, so it led to an undeclared naval war with France  Ultimately France chose to negotiate, averting war Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

16. 16 IV. The Downfall of the Federalists IV. The Downfall of the Federalists –Repression and Protest  Alien and Sedition Acts  Created to stifle Republican opposition  Any seditious words used against gov’t not allowed  Aliens (immigrants) restricted  Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions  Republican responded, using John Locke’s theory of state government nullifying (voided) national law –The “Revolution” of 1800  The Election of 1800  The Judiciary Act of 1801 Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic

17. 17 IV. The Downfall of the Federalists IV. The Downfall of the Federalists –The “Revolution” of 1800  The Election of 1800  John Adams (F) vs. Thomas Jefferson (R)  Electoral College gave both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (his VP running mate) 73 votes  House picks Jefferson; Aaron Burr becomes VP  The Judiciary Act of 1801  Judicial branch only branch dominated by Federalists  Lame duck Congress voted to add more justices to the Supreme Court to get their guys in  Known as Midnight Judges  Marbury v. Madison  Found Act unconstitutional; first use of judicial review Chapter Six: The Constitution and the New Republic