1. Max Mutchler STScI Research and Instrument Scientist Bonnie Meinke STScI Outreach Scientist Hubble Science Briefing 2 April 2015 Hubble’s planetary mission

2. Hubble has been good for planetary science – and vice versa Hubble is capable of observing almost any moving target in the Solar System, with a quick response to transient events Best of both worlds: Hubble has a strong history of supporting (and sometimes inspiring) planetary missions Hubble’s superb sensitivity and resolution are ideal for studying small Solar System bodies or features Important planetary observations have happened at critical points in the Hubble mission 2

3. Moving targets require special tracking, observation planning, and data processing Jupiter 24 Jan 2015 3

4. Moving targets require special tracking, observation planning, and data processing Jupiter 24 Jan 2015 4

5. Pre-launch hype, delays, and ground system development (including moving-target tracking) 5

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7. HST launch on 24 April 1990 7

8. Hubble’s cameras 8

9. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 The Trouble with Hubble 9

10. This is the new era of astronomy? 10

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13. 10. The guy at Sears promised it would work fine. 9. Some kids on Earth must be fooling around with a garage door opener. 8. There's a little doohickey rubbing against the part that looks kind of like a cowboy hat. 7. See if you can think straight after 12 days of drinking Tang. 6. Bum with squeegee smeared lens at red light. 5. Blueprints drawn up by that "Hey Vern!” guy. 4. Those damn raccoons! 3. Shouldn't have used G.E. components. 2. Ran out of quarters. 1. Race of super-evolved galactic beings are screwing with us. Top Ten Hubble Telescope Excuses 13

14. Solar System observations helped fill the void until the first HST Servicing Mission (SM1) Despite bugs, breakdowns, and its famous mirror flaw, Hubble still gives a clear view of the cosmos - sometimes 14

15. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope Views Major Storm On Saturn http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/1991/04/ 15

16. ESA Faint Object Camera (FOC) Images Pluto the "Double Planet" http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/solar-system/1990/14/ 16

17. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) is disrupted by Jupiter, and on course for a collision in 1994! The stage is set… 17

18. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 The comeback story begins 18

19. The first Hubble Servicing Mission (SM1) in Dec 1993 was effectively a rescue mission WFPC2 was installed 19

20. Wide Field 2 (WF2) Wide Field 3 (WF3) Wide Field 4 (WF4) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images had a strange shape due to the high resolution planetary camera (PC) Planetary Camera (PC1) 20

21. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts Jupiter in July 1994, providing a showcase for the repaired Hubble’s capabilities 21

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23. Hubble observations of Saturn 1996-2000 As Saturn takes its 29-year journey around the Sun, its tilt allows us to see its rings from different perspectives. 23

24. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 New instruments STIS and NICMOS provide ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) capability. 24

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28. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 Getting the hardware up and running again 28

29. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 Advanced Camera for Surveys is installed, providing greater sensitivity and resolution 29

30. Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS): installed in 2002…failed in 2007… and partially repaired in 2009 30

31. Advanced Camera for Surveys Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 ACS / HRC (High Resolution Channel) ACS / WFC 31

32. Hubble observations of giant planets (and their rings and moons) Without probes exploring these planets, Hubble is the best tool for exploring the outer solar system. 32

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34. Monitoring Mars 34

35. Columbia accident in 2003 Hubble SM4 cancelled in 2004 35

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40. Ceres Main Asteroid Belt Kuiper Belt Discovered 1801-1851 Discovered in 1992…or 1930 (Pluto) Hubble observations of dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto See ASP article: http://astrosociety.org/edu/publications/tnl/70/pluto.html 40

41. 2005: Hubble images reveal two new moons of Pluto 41

42. Jim Christy Annette and Patsy Tombaugh Jim Christy New Horizons launch 19 January 2006 42

43. 2011-2012: Hubble discovers two more Pluto moons while looking for hazards for the New Horizons spacecraft They were later named Styx and Kerberos – despite the suggestion from Captain Kirk and Spock 2014: Hubble discovers two Kuiper Belt Objects that New Horizons could fly by after Pluto See Hubble Science Briefing from 2012: http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/services/events/telecons/ 43

44. New Horizons spots Nix and Hydra orbiting Pluto (“Better Than Hubble” date in late April or early May) http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/News-Article.php?page=20150218 44

45. Citation from IAU Minor Planet Circular 56612 on the naming of Asteroid “6815 Mutchler” 45

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47. dwarf planet asteroid (small solar system body) 47

48. Dawn mission to Vesta and Ceres Launched September 27, 2007 See Google hangouts on YouTube about Hubble observations of Vesta and Ceres in support of Dawn: “Dawn mission: Hubble inspired” 48

49. Dawn’s “Better Than Hubble” date for Ceres was 26 Jan 2015 Ceres Vesta 49

50. DawnNew Horizons Pluto 2015 Vesta 2011 Ceres 2015 2015 is the Year of the Dwarf Planets Their spaceships have come in! 50

51. Hubble was deployed and serviced by the Space Shuttle 1990 Launch 1993 SM1 1997 SM2 1999 SM3A 2002 SM3B 2009 SM4 Since 2009, Hubble is better than ever and still a workhorse for planetary exploration 51

52. Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) 52

53. 21 July 2009 53

54. Jupiter reprises its SM1 role! 54

55. Hubble observations of Comet ISON See ASP article: http://heritage.stsci.edu/2013/47/supplemental/ab2013-118-hubble-encounters-ison.pdf 55

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57. Comet SW3 fragment B on 18 April 2006: Hubble sensitivity and resolution 57

58. Comet SW3 fragment B on 19 April 2006: Hubble sensitivity and resolution 58

59. Imaging C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) with the Hubble Space Telescope Jian-Yang Li, Michael S.P. Kelley, Tony L. Farnham, Nalin H. Samarasinha, Carey M. Lisse, Michael F. A'Hearn, Max J. Mutchler, and W. Alan Delamere, ACM Helsinki 2014 59

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61. Will their spaceship come in? Most Solar System objects will be explored using only Earth-based resources, until those observations justify new probes sent to explore them in greater detail… 61

62. This graphic shows the location of water vapor detected over Europa's south pole that provides the first strong evidence of water plumes erupting off Europa's surface. Hubble didn't photograph plumes, but spectroscopically detected auroral emissions from oxygen and hydrogen. The aurora is powered by Jupiter's magnetic field. The image of Europa is derived from a global surface map generated from Voyager and Galileo observations. Science Credit: NASA, ESA, L. Roth (Southwest Research Institute and University of Cologne, Germany), J. Saur (University of Cologne, Germany), K. Retherford (Southwest Research Institute), D. Strobel and P. Feldman (Johns Hopkins University), M. McGrath (Marshall Space Flight Center), and F. Nimmo (University of California, Santa Cruz) NASA/ESA/L. Roth (Southwest Research Institute and University of Cologne, Germany) 62

63. This is an artist's concept of a plume of water vapor thought to be ejected off of the frigid, icy surface of the Jovian moon Europa, located 500 million miles from the Sun. Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopic measurements lead scientists to calculate that the plume rises to an altitude of 125 miles and then probably rains frost back onto the moon's surface. Previous findings already point to a subsurface ocean under Europa's icy crust. Artwork Credit: NASA, ESA, and K. Retherford (Southwest Research Institute) 63

64. Observation of aurorae on Ganymede provides evidence of subsurface ocean 64

65. Supplemental slides 65

66. Main Belt Comets (active asteroids) See Hubble Science Briefing from Feb 2014: http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/services/events/telecons/ 66

67. Hubble now studies planets beyond our Solar System: Hubble Space Telescope spectroscopic measurements allow scientists to examine atmospheres of exoplanets We see Kuiper Belts and planets around other stars. 67

68. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Launch 2018 68